User:God6181996/sandbox
Language and Law: Edits for Interrogation Article: For my project, I am working on the authorship of the Interrogation Article, and so I have decided it is best to work on a google doc, as to not risk any plagiarism. To peer review my work, please click on this link: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1E4lBz4nl5TQJm-enCZon9zKgTs5DuNsK_aXWFqMQVSo/edit?usp=sharing
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Student at Rutgers University, majoring in Psychology and minoring in Linguistics.
Currently enrolled in Languages in Peril (Spring 2018 Semester)
Cocopah Language Article for Drafting
[edit]| Cocopah | |
|---|---|
| Kwikapa | |
| Native to | Mexico, United States |
| Region | Baja California, Arizona, Sonora |
| Ethnicity | Cocopah |
Native speakers | 300 (2007–2010)[1] |
Yuman
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | coc |
| Glottolog | coco1261 |
Cocopah is a Delta language of the Yuman language family spoken by the Cocopah. Cocopah is believed to have derived from the Hokan language, and it is related to the other Native American languages of Mojave and Kumeyaay.[2] In an effort to keep the language alive, which was spoken by fewer than 400 people at the turn of the 21st-century, the Cocopah Museum began offering Cocopah language classes to children in 1998.
History of Cocopah
[edit]Much of the Cocopah language was passed down through speaking, rather than through writing. This is, in large part, due to the fact that the language had no alphabet for the majority of its existence. It was not until the 1970s that a language was developed, when a scholar chose to approach this task for a dissertation. Although the creation of an alphabet was useful, the original proved to be less than ideal, and so a new one was developed by the tribe in the early 2000s. As the revival of the language had progressed, it became apparent that the language did not have words to fit the advances made in modern society. In turn, the tribe developed new words to attribute to modern objects that did not exist in the ancient language. The elders of the tribe were given the responsibility of developing these new words and/or phrases. [3]
While the Cocopah tribe inhabit parts of Arizona and parts of Mexico, the written language differs based on the location of the tribe. For instance, Cocopah in Mexico use a different orthography than Cocopah in Arizona. The Mexican-based Cocopah use an orthography that was designed by the INALI, an organization that examines and protects the rights of endangered languages.
Sounds
[edit]Consonants
[edit]Cocopah has 21 consonants:
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | lateral | plain | lateral | plain | labial | ||||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ||||||
| Stop | p | t | ʈ | tʃ | k | kʷ | ʔ | ||
| Fricative | s | ʂ | ʃ | ɬʲ | x | xʷ | |||
| Approximant | l | j | lʲ | w | |||||
| Rhotic | r | ||||||||
- /r/ is usually a trill [r] but sometimes is a flap [ɾ].
- /tʃ, ɲ, ʃ/ are postalveolar (palato-alveolar). /lʲ, ɬʲ/ are palatalized alveolar consonants.
- /ɬʲ/ is usually palatalized, but unlike /lʲ/ it does not contrast with a non-palatalized [ɬ].
Vowels
[edit]Cocopah has 4 vowels.
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| High | i / iː | u / uː |
| Non-High | e / eː | a / aː |
Cocopah has both short and long vowels.
Syllable & phonotactics
[edit]The Cocopah syllable:
- (C)(C)(C)V(ː)(C)(C)
- Word-initial two-consonant clusters usually consist of a fricative plus another consonant, e.g. /sp, ʂm, ʃp, xt͡ʃ/. Rarer two-consonant clusters start with a lateral or a stop consonant, e.g. /lt͡ʃ, ɬʲt͡ʃ, ps, t͡ʃp/.
- Three-consonant clusters are rare, recorded examples include /pxk, pxkʷ, spx/.
Bibliography
[edit]- Crawford, James M. (1970). Cocopa Baby Talk. International Journal of American Linguistics, 36, 9-13.
- Crawford, James M. (1978). More on Cocopa Baby Talk. International Journal of American Linguistics, 44, 17-23.
- Crawford, James M. (1989). Cocopa Dictionary. University of California Publications in Linguistics (Vol. 114). Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-09749-1.
- Crawford, James M. (1983). Cocopa Texts. University of California Publications in Linguistics (Vol. 100). Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-09652-5.
- Crawford, James M. (1998). Classificatory Verbs in Cocopa. In Hinton, L. & Munro, P. (Eds.), American Indian Languages: Description and Theory (pp. 5–9). Berkeley: University of California.
- Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The Languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk); ISBN 0-521-29875-X.
- Wares, Alan C. (1968). A Comparative Study of Yuman Consonantism. Janua Linguarum, Series Practica (No. 57). The Hauge: Mouton.
References
[edit]- ^ 2007 Golla, 2012 INALI
- ^ Vocabulary in Native American Languages. (n.d.). Retrieved February 09, 2018, from http://www.native-languages.org/cocopa_words.htm
- ^ "Cocopah language class seeks to keep ancient tongue from dying out" (July 29, 2007) Yuma Sun
{{webarchive}}
External links
[edit]- "Native American Audio Collections: Cocopa". American Philosophical Society.
- Cocopa Swadesh vocabulary list (from Wiktionary)
- Cocopa dictionary on Google Books
- Cocopah language audio Bible stories and lessons - free mp3 downloads
- Cocopah basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database
| Indigenous |
| ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-Indigenous |
| ||||||||||
My Cocopah language bibliography: Sources that may be helpful in working on this article
[edit]Crawford, J. (1966). The Cocopa Language. Retrieved from https://escholarship.org/uc/item/03s5x5wv
Mithun, M. (2009). The languages of native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
Moseley, C. (2018). Encyclopedia of the worlds endangered languages. Place of publication not identified: ROUTLEDGE.
Native Languages: Hokan Language Family (n.d.). Retrieved March 09, 2018, from http://www.native-languages.org/famhok.htm
Pariona, A. (2016, November 02). Endangered Native Languages Of The United States. Retrieved March 09, 2018, from https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/endangered-languages-of-the-united-states.html
Pritzke, F. (2000). A Native American encyclopedia: history, culture, and peoples. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Smith, A. N. (2016). Dilemmas of Sustainability in Cocopah Territory: An Exercise of Applied Visual Anthropology in the Colorado River Delta. Human Organization, 75(2), 129-140.
Tisdale, S. J. A. (1997). Cocopah identity and cultural survival: Indian gaming and the political ecology of the lower Colorado River delta, 1850-1996.
The World Atlas of Language Structures Online (n.d.). Retrieved March 09, 2018, from http://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_ccp
UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger (n.d.). Retrieved March 09, 2018, from http://www.unesco.org/languages-atlas/index.php — Preceding unsigned comment added by God6181996 (talk • contribs) 20:12, 9 March 2018 (UTC)