User:Ezrapond/Notes on Differential Topology
Smooth Manifolds
[edit]Topological Manifolds
[edit]Suppose M is a topological space. We say that M is a topological manifold of dimension n or a topological n-manifold if it has the following properties:
- M is a Hausdorff space: for every pair of distinct points p, q ∈ M, there are disjoint open subsets U, V ⊆ M such that p ∈ U and q ∈ V.
- M is second-countable: there exists a countable basis for the topology of M.
- M is locally Euclidean of dimension n: each point of M has a neighborhood that is homeomorphic to an open subset of Rn.
- Exercise 1.1. Show that equivalent definitions of manifolds are obtained if instead of allowing U to be homeomorphic to any open set of Rn, we require it to be homeomorphic to an open ball in Rn, or to Rn itself.
Theorem 1.2 (Topological Invariance of Dimension). A nonempty n-dimensional topological manifold cannot be homeomorphic to an m-dimensional manifold unless m=n.
Coordinate Charts
[edit]A coordinate chart(or just a chart) on M is a pair (U, φ), where U is an open subset of M and φ: U → 'Û is a homeomorphism from U to an open subset Û = φ(U) ⊆ Rn. By definition of a topological manifold, each point p ∈ M is containd in the domain of some chart.
- We call U a coordinate domain and φ a coordinate map, and the component functions (x1, ..., xn) of φ, defined by φ(p) = (x1(p), ..., xn(p)), are called local coordinates on U.
Examples
[edit]- Example 1.3 (Graphs of Continuous Functions).
- Example 1.4 (Spheres).
- Example 1.5 (Projective Spaces).
- c.f. P.6.
- Exercise 1.6. Show that RPn is Hausdorff and second-countable, and is therefore a topological n-manifold.
- Exercise 1.7. Show that RPn is compact. [Hint: show that the restriction of π to Sn is surjective.]
- Exercise 1.6. Show that RPn is Hausdorff and second-countable, and is therefore a topological n-manifold.
- Example 1.8 (Product Manifolds).
- Example 1.9 (Tori).
Topological Properties of Manifolds
[edit]Lemma 1.10. Every topological manifold has a countable basis of precompact coordinate balls.
Connectivity
[edit]Proposition 1.11. Let M be a topological manifold.
- M is locally path-connected.
- M is connected if and only if it is path-connected.
- The components of M are the same as its path components.
- M has countably many components, each of which is an open subset of M and a connected topological manifold.
Local Compactness and Paracompactness
[edit]Proposition 1.12 (Manifolds Are Locally Compact). Every topological manifold is locally compact.