Help:IPA/Russian

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The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Russian pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

Russian distinguishes hard (unpalatalized or plain) and soft (palatalized) consonants (both phonetically and orthographically). Soft consonants, most of which are denoted by a superscript ⟨ʲ⟩, are pronounced with the body of the tongue raised toward the hard palate, like the articulation of the y sound in yes. In native words, /j, ɕː, tɕ/ are always soft, whereas /ʐ, ʂ, ts/ are always hard.[1]

See Russian phonology and Russian alphabet for a more thorough look at the sounds of Russian.

Consonants
Hard Soft
IPA Examples English approximation IPA Examples English approximation
b бокⓘ; апде́йт[2] boot bʲ бе́лыйⓘ, бьюⓘ beautiful
d датьⓘ; футбо́лⓘ[2] do dʲ де́лоⓘ; ходьба́ⓘ; жени́тьбаⓘ[2] media
dʐ[3] джипⓘ jug dʑ[3] начди́в; дочь быⓘ[2] jig
dz[3] плацда́рмⓘ[2] lads dzʲ[3] дзюдо́[1] lad's young
f фо́рмаⓘ; вы́ставкаⓘ;[2] бо́ровⓘ[4] fool fʲ фина́лⓘ; верфьⓘ; кровьⓘ[4] few
ɡ годⓘ;[5][6] анекдо́тⓘ[2] good ɡʲ геро́йⓘ argue
ɣ Го́сподиⓘ; ага́ⓘ;[5] Бог даст; дух бодр[2] loch (Scottish) but voiced ɣʲ двухдверный[2] Loch Ewe (Scottish) but voiced
— j естьⓘ [je-]; ёжⓘ [jɵ-]; югⓘ [ju-]; яⓘ [ja]; майо́рⓘ[7] yes
k костьⓘ; бе́гствоⓘ;[2] флагⓘ[4] scar kʲ кино́ⓘ; секью́рити skew
l луна́ⓘ[8] pill lʲ лесⓘ; больⓘ failure
m мы́лоⓘ moot mʲ мя́соⓘ; семьⓘ mute
n носⓘ noon nʲ нёсⓘ; деньⓘ; ко́нчикⓘ[9] vinyard
p подⓘ; ры́бкаⓘ;[2] зубⓘ[4] span pʲ пе́пелⓘ; цепьⓘ; зыбьⓘ[4] spew
r разⓘ American atom rʲ рядⓘ; зверьⓘ American catty
s соба́каⓘ; ска́зкаⓘ;[2] глазⓘ[4] soup sʲ си́нийⓘ; здесьⓘ; естьⓘ; грызтьⓘ;[2] резьⓘ[4] assume (RP)
ʂ широ́кийⓘ; кни́жкаⓘ;[2] мужⓘ;[4] чтоⓘ[10] rush ɕː щека́ⓘ; счита́тьⓘ; мужчи́наⓘ[2][11] wish sheep
t тоⓘ; во́дкаⓘ;[2] лёдⓘ[4] stand tʲ теньⓘ; дитя́ⓘ; путьⓘ; грудьⓘ[4] stew (RP)
ts[3] цена́ⓘ; нра́витьсяⓘ cats tsʲ[3] Цю́рих[1] cat's young
tʂ[3] ко́лледжⓘ[4] chop tɕ[3] чайⓘ; течьⓘ chip
v выⓘ; его́;[6] афга́н[2] voodoo vʲ весьⓘ; вью́гаⓘ view
x ходⓘ; Богⓘ[5] loch (Scottish); ugh xʲ хи́трыйⓘ; Хью́стон; лёгкийⓘ[5] huge (for some dialects)
z зубⓘ; сборⓘ[2] zoo zʲ зима́ⓘ; резьба́; жизньⓘ; про́сьбаⓘ[2] presume (RP)
ʐ жестⓘ; кешбэ́к[2] pleasure ʑː по́зжеⓘ;[12] вещдо́к[2] prestige genre
Stressed vowels
[-soft] [+soft]
IPA Examples English approximation IPA Examples English approximation
a трава́ⓘ father (Australian English) æ пятьⓘ; ча́стьⓘ[13] pat
ɛ жестⓘ; э́тотⓘ met e пеньⓘ; э́тикаⓘ[13] mace
ɨ тыⓘ; ши́шкаⓘ; с и́грами roses (for some dialects) i ли́нияⓘ; и́лиⓘ meet
o о́блакоⓘ; шёпотⓘ chore ɵ тётяⓘ; плечо́ⓘ[13] foot
u пу́ляⓘ cool ʉ чутьⓘ; лю́диⓘ[13] choose
Unstressed vowels
[-soft] [+soft]
IPA Examples English approximation IPA Examples English approximation
ə ко́жаⓘ; о́блакоⓘ; се́рдцеⓘ; собира́тьⓘ[14] about ə во́ляⓘ; сего́дняⓘ; ку́чаⓘ[15] lasagna
ɐ облака́ⓘ; како́йⓘ; сообража́тьⓘ; тропа́ⓘ[14] bud ɪ лиса́ⓘ; четы́реⓘ; тяжёлыйⓘ; де́вятьⓘ; часы́ⓘ[16] bit
ɛ тетра́эдр; поэте́сса[17] met
ɨ дыша́тьⓘ; жена́ⓘ; во́дыⓘ; эта́пⓘ; к Ива́ну roses (for some dialects)
o ра́диоⓘ; поэте́сса[17] chore ɵ ма́чо; сёрфинги́ст[13][18] foot
ʊ мужчи́наⓘ pull ʉ чуде́сныйⓘ; люби́тьⓘ[13] youth
Suprasegmental
IPA Example Explanation
ˈ четы́реⓘ [tɕɪˈtɨrʲɪ] stress mark, placed before the stressed syllable
ː сза́диⓘ [ˈzːadʲɪ][2] consonant length mark, placed after the geminated consonant

Notes

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  1. ^ a b c Even though /ts/ and its voicing [dz] are considered to be exclusively hard consonants, they may be palatalized in certain words of foreign origin.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Consonants in consonant clusters are assimilated in voicing if the final consonant in the sequence is an obstruent (except [v, vʲ]). All consonants become voiceless if the final consonant is voiceless or voiced if the final consonant is voiced (Halle 1959:31).
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h The affricates [ts], [tɕ], and [tʂ] (and their voiced counterparts [dz], [dʑ], and [dʐ]) are sometimes written with ligature ties: [t͡s], [t͡ɕ], and [t͡ʂ] ([d͡z], [d͡ʑ], and [d͡ʐ]). Ties are not used in transcriptions on Wikipedia (except in phonology articles) because they may not display correctly in all browsers.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k The voiced obstruents /b, bʲ, d, dʲ, ɡ, v, vʲ, z, zʲ, ʐ/ are devoiced word-finally unless the next word begins with a voiced obstruent (Halle 1959:22).
  5. ^ a b c d ⟨г⟩ is usually pronounced [ɣ] or (word-finally) [x] in some religious words and colloquial derivatives from them, such as Госпо́дь [ɣɐsˈpotʲ] and Богⓘ [box], and in the interjections ага́ⓘ, ого́ⓘ, Го́сподиⓘ, ей-бо́гуⓘ, and also in бухга́лтерⓘ [bʊˈɣaltʲɪr] (Timberlake 2004:23). /ɡ/ devoices and lenites to [x] before voiceless obstruents (dissimilation) in the word roots -мягк- or -мягч-, -легк- or -легч-, -тягч-, and also in the old-fashioned pronunciation of -ногт-, -когт-, кто. Speakers of the Southern Russian dialects may pronounce ⟨г⟩ as [ɣ] (soft [ɣʲ], devoiced [x] and [xʲ]) throughout.
  6. ^ a b Intervocalic ⟨г⟩ represents /v/ in certain words (сего́дняⓘ, сего́дняшнийⓘ, итого́ ), and in the genitive suffix -ого/-его (Timberlake 2004:23).
  7. ^ The soft vowel letters ⟨е, ё, ю, я⟩ represent iotated vowels /je, jo, ju, ja/, except when following a consonant. When these vowels are unstressed (save for ⟨ё⟩, which is always stressed) and follow another vowel letter, the /j/ may not be present. The letter ⟨и⟩ produces iotated sound /ji/ only after ь.
  8. ^ /l/ is often strongly pharyngealized [ɫ], but that feature is not distinctive (Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996:187-188).
  9. ^ Alveolo-palatal consonants are subjected to regressive assimilative palatalization; i.e. they tend to become palatalized in front of other phones with the same place of articulation.
  10. ^ Most speakers pronounce ⟨ч⟩ in the pronoun что and its derivatives as [ʂ]. All other occurrences of чт cluster stay as affricate and stop.
  11. ^ ⟨щ⟩ is sometimes pronounced as [ɕː] or [ɕɕ] and sometimes as [ɕtɕ], but no speakers contrast the two pronunciations. This generally includes the other spellings of the sound, but the word счи́тывать sometimes has [ɕtɕ] because of the morpheme boundary between the prefix ⟨с-⟩ and the root ⟨-чит-⟩.
  12. ^ Geminated [ʐː] is pronounced as soft [ʑː], the voiced counterpart to [ɕː], in a few lexical items (such as дро́жжи or заезжа́ть) by conservative Moscow speakers; such realization is now somewhat obsolete (Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015:224)).
  13. ^ a b c d e f Vowels are fronted and/or raised in the context of palatalized consonants: /a/ and /u/ become [æ] and [ʉ], respectively between palatalized consonants, /e/ is realized as [e] before and between palatalized consonants and /o/ becomes [ɵ] after and between palatalized consonants.
  14. ^ a b Unstressed /a/ and /o/ regularly lose their contrast, being pronounced [ɐ] in word-initial position, as well as when in a sequence, and [ə] in posttonic position (i.e. after the stress); in non-initial pretonic position (i.e. before the stress) they are reduced to [ɐ] only immediately before the stress, being realized [ə] otherwise.
  15. ^ Only in certain word-final morphemes (Timberlake 2004:48-51).
  16. ^ Unstressed /a/ is pronounced as [ɪ] after ⟨ч⟩ and ⟨щ⟩ except when word-final.[citation needed]
  17. ^ a b In the careful style of pronunciation unstressed /e/ and /o/ in words of foreign origin may be pronounced with little or no reduction.
  18. ^ Unstressed [ɵ] only occurs in words of foreign origin.

References

[edit]
  • Cubberley, Paul (2002), "The phonology of Modern Russian", Russian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge University Press
  • Halle, Morris (1959), Sound Pattern of Russian, MIT Press
  • Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press
  • Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
  • Timberlake, Alan (2004), "Sounds", A Reference Grammar of Russian, Cambridge University Press
  • Yanushevskaya, Irena; Bunčić, Daniel (2015), "Russian" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 45 (2): 221–228, doi:10.1017/S0025100314000395

See also

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