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2020–21 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 16:38, 3 March 2021

2020–21 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season
Season summary map
Seasonal boundaries
First system formed12 November 2020
Last system dissipatedSeason ongoing
Strongest storm
NameFaraji
 • Maximum winds230 km/h (145 mph)
(10-minute sustained)
 • Lowest pressure925 hPa (mbar)
Seasonal statistics
Total disturbances12
Total depressions12
Total storms9
Tropical cyclones5
Intense tropical cyclones2
Very intense tropical cyclones1
Total fatalities34 total
Total damage$10 million (2021 USD)
Related articles
South-West Indian Ocean tropical cyclone seasons
2018–19, 2019–20, 2020–21, 2021–22, 2022–23

The 2020–21 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season is an ongoing period of tropical cyclogenesis. The season started with the formation of Cyclone Alicia in the extreme northeast section of the basin on 12 November, just before the official start of the season, which marked the third season in a row in which a tropical cyclone formed before the official beginning of the season. It officially began on 15 November 2020, and will officially end on 30 April 2021, with the exception for Mauritius and the Seychelles, for which it will officially end on 15 May 2021. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical and subtropical cyclones form in the basin, which is west of 90°E and south of the Equator. Tropical and subtropical cyclones in this basin are monitored by the Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre in Réunion and unofficially by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center.

Seasonal summary

Cyclone GuambeCyclone EloiseTropical Storm ChalaneTropical cyclone scales#Comparisons across basins

On 12 November, Alicia formed on the extreme northeast section of the basin. This marked the third season in a row with a pre-season tropical cyclone. Alicia strengthened into a tropical cyclone on 15 November, rapidly weakened due to the vertical wind shear and cool waters, and dissipated on 17 November. On 14 November, another tropical disturbance formed off the coast of Madagascar; however, on 16 November the system failed to organize due to unfavourable vertical wind shear according to JTWC. It rapidly weakened and dissipated the next day. The basin remained quiet until, on 30 November, a tropical low crossed over from the Australian region. It strengthened into a moderate tropical storm, then to a severe tropical storm, and was named Bongoyo. Two additional lows formed, one formed but exited the basin on 20 December and another Zone of Disturbed Weather formed near Diego Garcia, which strengthened to Severe Tropical Storm Chalane, which made landfall on Madagascar and Mozambique, the first tropical cyclone for this season to make landfall. The same Zone of Disturbed Weather which exited on 20 December, again re-entered on 28 December, following with another Zone of Disturbed Weather, designated 06. On 1 January, 06 intensified into Tropical Storm Danilo. It became the second longest system and dissipated on 12 January. On 15 January, a new disturbance which became depression formed which later became Cyclone Eloise and made two landfalls over Madagascar and Mozambique with second landfall being more catastrophic and brought widespread damages over African nations killing 16 people. On 17 January, Joshua entered the South-West Indian Ocean as a moderate tropical storm; however, it dissipated on 19 January as it entered an area of dry air and high vertical wind shear. On 27 January, Tropical Low 10U entered from the Australian region where it was redesignated as Tropical Depression 09. On 5 February, a tropical depression formed and intensified into Cyclone Faraji, which further became into an intense tropical cyclone, and later a very intense tropical cyclone becoming both the first intense tropical cyclone and the first very intense tropical cyclone of the season.

Systems

Tropical Cyclone Alicia

Tropical cyclone (MFR)
Category 1 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
 
Duration12 November – 17 November
Peak intensity120 km/h (75 mph) (10-min);
975 hPa (mbar)

On 12 November, Météo-France La Réunion (MFR) also began tracking a tropical disturbance as it moved slowly westwards over the central Indian Ocean.[1] Later that day, the JTWC issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert.[2] The disturbance slowly consolidated as thunderstorms wrapped around the center of circulation, and it became a tropical depression by 00:00 UTC on 13 November.[3] The depression continued to become more organized over the day with flaring convection over the center, and thus was upgraded to Moderate Tropical Storm Alicia at 18:00 UTC that same day.[4] On 14 November at 06:00 UTC, Alicia strengthened into a severe tropical storm.[5] Alicia generally moved in a southwesterly direction at a quick pace due to the steering flow of a mid-level subtropical ridge to the storm's southeast.[6] The severe tropical storm intensified into Tropical Cyclone Alicia at 00:00 UTC on 16 November, after very deep convection developed near its center.[7] Soon after Alicia entered a region with high wind shear and cooler waters. Due to these unfavorable conditions, Alicia began to rapidly weaken, weakening to a tropical storm at 12:00 UTC on 16 November.[8] At 09:00 UTC on 17 November, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center issued its final warning on the storm.[9]

Tropical Depression 02

Tropical depression (MFR)
 
Duration14 November – 17 November
Peak intensity55 km/h (35 mph) (10-min);
999 hPa (mbar)

On 12 November, alongside the precursor disturbance of Cyclone Alicia, Météo-France La Réunion (MFR) began to monitor another monsoonal disturbance to the west of Cyclone Alicia's precursor for potential tropical cyclogenesis.[10] By 14 November, an area of disturbed weather had formed but struggled to centralize its thunderstorm activity, despite consolidating a low level circulation.[11] With improvements in further consolidation, the MFR initiated advisories for a tropical depression in the northeast of Madagascar at 18:00 UTC on 15 November.[12] The storm struggled to intensify much due to strong easterly shear from its close proximity to Tropical Cyclone Alicia's outflow, and thus had its thunderstorm activity sheared to its west for most of its lifetime.[13] Due to this, the JTWC cancelled the tropical cyclone formation alert on 16 November.[14] It rapidly weakened and the last advisory was issued by the MFR on 16 November as well.[15]

Severe Tropical Storm Bongoyo

Severe tropical storm (MFR)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
Duration4 December – 10 December
Peak intensity100 km/h (65 mph) (10-min);
988 hPa (mbar)

During 30 November, Tropical Low 01U moved into the basin from the Australian region, where it was classified as a Zone of Disturbed Weather by RSMC La Reunion.[16] Early on 4 December, the JTWC issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert on the system.[17] After meandering slowly to the west and northwest for several days with little change in strength, the system began to take a more southerly track and at 06:00 UTC on 6 December was upgraded to Tropical Disturbance 03 by MFR as the low level circulation became tighter and convection consolidated near the center.[18] On 7 December, the disturbance intensified into Moderate Tropical Storm Bongoyo as an ASCAT pass revealed gale-force winds on the southern half of the circulation.[19] At this time, the JTWC cited a favorable environment for further intensification as Bongoyo headed southwest.[20] While Bongoyo gained a distinct mid-level eye and strong bursts of convection were maintained near the center, the storm further strengthened to severe tropical storm status at 00:00 UTC on 8 December.[21]

However, Bongoyo's intensification trend was halted as the impacts of strengthening vertical wind shear caused the eyewall to become eroded later into the day.[22] Bongoyo maintained its strength, although the overall structure of the storm became increasingly vertically tilted.[23] On 18:00 UTC on 9 December, Bongoyo finally weakened back down to a moderate tropical storm after maintaining its strength for over a day while convection became further dislocated from the circulation.[24] Bongoyo soon began its westward turn on 10 December as it began to ride along the southern edge of a subtropical ridge, and it became a remnant low early on 11 December as all convection had became sheared away from the low level circulation, thus the last advisory was issued by both MFR and the JTWC.[25][26]

Severe Tropical Storm Chalane

Severe tropical storm (MFR)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
Duration19 December – 30 December
Peak intensity110 km/h (70 mph) (10-min);
983 hPa (mbar)
Main article: Tropical Storm Chalane

On 19 December, RSMC La Réunion began monitoring a zone of disturbed weather situated approximately 830 km (515 mi) southwest of Diego Garcia.[27] The system was located in a favourable environment for intensification due to the presence of a Kelvin wave and an equatorial Rossby wave, as well as warm sea surface temperatures, low to moderate vertical wind shear and good upper-level outflow.[28] Conditions began to somewhat deteriorate over the next several days as the system meandered to the west, but the storm still managed to reach tropical depression status on 23 December, as northerly wind shear began to affect the storm, causing most of the thunderstorm activity and winds to be localized to the south of the center.[29] Approximately a day later, at 06:00 UTC 24 December, the depression had strengthened to Moderate Tropical Storm Chalane as a scatterometer pass revealed gale-force winds on the southern side of the highly asymmetric wind field.[30] Chalane began to strengthen, with winds reaching 75 km/h (45 mph), as wind shear decreased due to storm becoming aligned with the subtropical ridge. Around the same time, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert. [31][32] At 21:00 UTC that day, the JTWC designated Chalane as Tropical Storm 07S.[33]

Chalane, however, continued to struggle from the effects of strong north-northeasterly wind shear. Chalane passed just to the south of Tromelin Island on 25 December where a pressure reading of 1001.5 hPa (29.57 inHg) was recorded, indicating Chalane had likely weakened while also displaying a deteriorating cloud pattern, thus Chalane was downgraded back to tropical depression status on 18:00 UTC that day.[34] Chalane continued westward, although slowly, towards the Malagasy coastline as a tropical depression.[35] Convective activity remained disorganized while the center accelerated west up to landfall on 26 December at 18:00 UTC in Mahavelona, Madagascar.[36] Chalane degenerated into a surface trough shortly afterwards on 27 December, although its center still remained intact.[37] MFR stopped advisories at this time, as re-intensification was uncertain.[37] Chalane made its passage over Madagascar for the remainder of the day, before emerging over the Mozambique Channel on 28 December where advisories resumed and Chalane re-developed into a tropical depression.[38] 6 hours later, Chalane gained moderate tropical storm strength yet again with the development of a curved band.[39] Chalane continued to strengthen over the channel with a central dense overcast bundled with the curved band becoming apparent on satellite imagery[40] and Chalane gained severe tropical storm status at 06:00 UTC on 29 December alongside the formation of an eyewall.[41] Chalane continued to slowly gain strength while in its favorable environment, gaining peak strength 12 hours later with maximum sustained winds of 110 km/h (70 mph) and a pressure of 983 hPa (29.03 inHg).[42] Shortly after peaking, Chalane made landfall north of Beira, Mozambique on 30 December and became subject to weakening due to land interaction.[43] Chalane degenerated into a remnant low later that day over Zimbabwe as all organized thunderstorm activity had ceased, and the final advisory was issued by MFR.[44]

203 mm (7.99 in) of rain fell in Toamasina in just 24 hours due to Chalane.[45] Damage was relatively isolated, although electricity poles were knocked. The flooding was less severe than previously anticipated.[46]

Tropical Depression 05

Tropical depression (MFR)
 
Duration28 December (Entered basin) – 3 January
Peak intensity55 km/h (35 mph) (10-min);
998 hPa (mbar)

On 17 December, RSMC La Réunion began monitoring a sheared low-pressure area located in the far northeastern corner of the basin, about 1,250 km (775 mi) west-northwest of the Cocos Islands.[47] The system began moving slowly towards the southeast, and on the following day it was classified as a tropical disturbance by RSMC La Réunion.[48] At the time, the system's central atmospheric pressure was estimated at 1005 hPa (29.68 inHg) and satellite scatterometer data from just after 02:00 UTC on 18 December indicated maximum 10-minute sustained winds of up to 55 km/h (35 mph) in the disturbance's northern semicircle.[48] Environmental conditions were assessed as being marginally conducive for tropical cyclogenesis, with warm sea surface temperatures near 30 °C (86 °F) and low vertical wind shear, but only weak outflow in the upper troposphere.[49] The tropical disturbance crossed into the Australian region by 20 December, where it was classified as Tropical Low 04U by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology.[50][51] After meandering outside the basin for several days, the system re-entered the MFR's area of responsibility as a zone of disturbed weather on 28 December, before being upgraded to Tropical Depression 05 on 31 December.[52] However, the system was unable to intensify significantly, due to the outflow from Severe Tropical Storm Danilo to the northwest. On 2 January, Tropical Depression 05 began undergoing a Fujiwhara interaction with Danilo, before merging into the stronger system on 3 January.[53]

Severe Tropical Storm Danilo

Severe tropical storm (MFR)
Category 1 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
 
Duration28 December – 12 January
Peak intensity100 km/h (65 mph) (10-min);
981 hPa (mbar)

On 28 December, a Zone of Disturbed Weather formed near the Chagos Archipelago.[54] It gradually organized over a sheared but moist environment for the next several days before eventually strengthening into Moderate Tropical Storm Danilo at 12:00 UTC 1 January.[55] As Danilo tracked north, it continued to strengthen with the appearance of very deep convection and a mid-level eye feature becoming apparent by the next day.[56] Around this time, Danilo began its interaction with Tropical Depression 05 to the east.[57] The storm reached its initial peak intensity with sustained winds of 110 km/h (65 mph) on 3 January with the development of a well-defined central dense overcast.[58] Around the time of reaching peak strength, Danilo continued to absorb what remained of Tropical Depression 05, which was inflicting some southeasterly wind shear on the storm.[58] The interaction between the two systems caused Danilo to rapidly weaken back to moderate tropical storm strength on 06:00 UTC 4 January.[59] Danilo re-strengthened by the end of the day as 05 had been completely absorbed, regaining severe tropical storm strength at 06:00 UTC 5 January under an improvement in surrounding environment conditions peaking with winds of 100 km/h (65 mph) and a pressure of 981 hPa.[60] A sudden increase in northerly shear, lack of outflow, and an interaction with the subtropical jet caused Danilo to take a sharp turn to the west and weaken to a moderate tropical storm.[61] Danilo displayed a highly sheared pattern by 5 January and failed to retain any long-lasting bursts of convection as much of the thunderstorm activity became sheared to the south.[62] Danilo fell to tropical depression status later that day.[63] The persisting storm maintained a westward track, becoming a remnant low on 9 January with a fully exposed circulation on approach to the Mascarene Islands.[64] Danilo passed north of Mauritius as a dissipating system on 11 January before the system was last noted on 12 January.[65]

Tropical Cyclone Eloise

Tropical cyclone (MFR)
Category 2 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
 
Duration14 January – 25 January
Peak intensity150 km/h (90 mph) (10-min);
967 hPa (mbar)
Main article: Cyclone Eloise

On 14 January, a zone of disturbed weather formed over the central South Indian Ocean to the east of another system while gradually organizing and moving westward.[66] On 16 January, the system organized into a tropical depression.[67] With the presence of persisting deep convection, the system strengthened into Moderate Tropical Storm Eloise on 17 January.[68] Initially, Eloise struggled to develop further due to the presence of strong easterly shear and dry air, which caused Eloise's thunderstorm activity to be displaced to the west.[69] Despite the presence of this shear and mid-level dry air, Eloise continued to intensify further, with convection wrapping into an eye feature and outflow becoming increasingly defined, marking the intensification of Eloise into a severe tropical storm on 19 January, while heading westward towards Madagascar.[70] This intensification trend did not last for a particularly long time, as Eloise made a small turn to the north and then made landfall in Antalaha, Madagascar, whilst weakening back to a moderate tropical storm, due to land interaction with the mountains of Madagascar.[71] The next day, Eloise weakened due to land interaction, with deep convection over its center eroded, though it maintained flaring convection over the northern semicircle.[72]

On 20 January, Eloise emerged into the Mozambique Channel, where Eloise began to slowly reintensify with warm waters, a moist environment, weak shear but weak divergence contributing to the storm's slow strengthening trend.[73] However, some upper-level convergence hindered convection from developing quickly, though all other factors were relatively favorable.[74] Soon afterward, the upper-level convergence began to decrease, allowing the system to strengthen more rapidly.[75] Eloise strengthened further with well defined rainbands wrapping into an small eye, marking its intensification into a tropical cyclone.[76] Early on 23 January, Eloise continued the quick intensification trend and peaked as a Category 2-equivalent tropical cyclone on the Saffir–Simpson scale with 10-minute sustained winds of 150 km/h (90 mph), 1-minute sustained winds of 165 km/h (105 mph), and a minimum central pressure of 967 millibars (28.6 inHg), as the storm's eyewall began moving ashore. Soon afterward, Eloise made landfall just north of Beira, Mozambique, at the same intensity.[77][78] As the storm moved further inland Eloise weakened rapidly due to interaction with the rugged terrain and dry air.[79] Later that day, Eloise weakened into a tropical depression as it tracked further inland,[80] and on 25 January, Eloise degenerated into a remnant low. The MFR then issued their final advisory on the system.[81]

Moderate Tropical Storm Joshua

Moderate tropical storm (MFR)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
Duration17 January (Entered basin) – 19 January
Peak intensity85 km/h (50 mph) (10-min);
991 hPa (mbar)

On 16 January, Meteo France La Rèunion (MFR) first noted the presence of a tropical low in the Australian region which was expected to strengthen as it passed 90°E into the South-West Indian Ocean.[82] On 17 January, the system, which had become Tropical Cyclone Joshua the previous day, crossed into the MFR's area of responsibility (AOR).[83] Joshua's convection fluctuated on 18 January, but the storm held onto moderate tropical storm status.[84] However, Joshua soon entered a even more hostile environment with lots of dry air and high wind shear, causing Joshua's thunderstorms to rapidly dissipate; Joshua weakened to tropical depression status the next day.[85] By 18:00 UTC 19 January, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) and MFR both issued their final warning on Joshua.[86][87]

Tropical Depression 09

Tropical depression (MFR)
Tropical depression (SSHWS)
 
Duration27 January (Entered basin) – 28 January
Peak intensity55 km/h (35 mph) (10-min);
1001 hPa (mbar)

On 27 January, Tropical Low 10U from the Australian region entered the basin was designated as Tropical Depression 09.[88] Moving through a very hostile environment with dry air and high wind shear, the system struggled to maintain its strength with a mostly exposed circulation and only weak convection over the south side of the system.[89] A short time after entering the basin, Meteo France La Rèunion (MFR) issued their last warning on 12:00 UTC 28 January as the system had become highly disorganized.[90]

Very Intense Tropical Cyclone Faraji

Very intense tropical cyclone (MFR)
Category 5 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
 
Duration4 February – 13 February
Peak intensity230 km/h (145 mph) (10-min);
925 hPa (mbar)

Early on 4 February, MFR began to track a well-defined surface circulation developing southeast of the Chagos Archipelago.[91] Initially only in a moderately favorable enviornment, the disturbance unexpectedly and rapidly developed into a tropical depression 18 hours later.[92] The Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) also issued their first warning on the system as Tropical Cyclone 19S at 09:00 UTC that day.[93] The depression further intensified into Moderate Tropical Storm Faraji at 12:00 UTC on 5 February.[94] The storm had an intense band of intense deep convection wrapping in from the western side to the northern side whilst rapidly consolidating.[95] Afterward, Faraji began its first rapid intensification with a well-defined core structure developing throughout the day, marking the storm's intensification to severe tropical storm strength early on 6 February.[96] Soon afterward, Faraji developed a pinhole eye as it continued to intensify, becoming a tropical cyclone several hours later.[97] The cyclone's eye quickly became more pronounced on infrared satellite imagery while Faraji drifted over waters with high ocean heat content, and low vertical wind shear, indicating more strengthening had occurred.[98] Faraji remained in a state of rapid intensification, and at 06:00 UTC 7 February Faraji became the first intense tropical cyclone of the season, with a clear, well-defined eye surrounded by deep, persisting convection as the cyclone began to slow down significantly.[99] At this time, the JTWC upgraded Faraji to a Category 4-equivalent tropical cyclone, with 1-minute sustained winds at 215 km/h (130 mph).[100]

For the next several hours, Faraji maintained its structure even as its cloud tops slightly warmed.[101] Afterward, Faraji began to slowly weaken, although the storm still remained an intense tropical cyclone.[102] However, after accelerating eastward away from cooler sea surface temperatures caused by upwelling, Faraji quickly strengthened once again on 8 February. Around this time, the storm's structure became more compact.[103] Later that day, Faraji became a very intense tropical cyclone, with a minimum central pressure of 925 hPa (27.31 inHg) and 10-minute sustained winds of 230 km/h (145 mph).[104] Around the same time, the JTWC also assessed Faraji as having 1-minute maximum sustained winds of 260 km/h (160 mph), making the storm a Category 5-equivalent tropical cyclone on the Saffir–Simpson scale (SSHWS), with the JTWC citing a very well-defined eye and the typical characteristics of an annular tropical cyclone.[105] However, Faraji began to weaken as it turned south due to limited outflow, with the eye collapsing completely by the next day.[106] Faraji's structure waxed and waned with the reappearance of the eye while conditions were modestly favorable.[107] By 11 February, Faraji had once again been significantly weakened past its peak strength.[108] Faraji weakened to a moderate tropical storm as it slowly headed southwest, displaying a typical sheared satellite appearance early on 13 February.[109] The last warning on Faraji was issued by MFR at 12:00 UTC that day,[110] followed by the JTWC at 09:00 UTC on the following day.[111] However, the JTWC tracked the Faraji's remnant low westward for another few days, before it dissipated on 16 February.

Tropical Cyclone Guambe

Tropical cyclone (MFR)
Category 2 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
 
Duration10 February – 22 February
Peak intensity155 km/h (100 mph) (10-min);
953 hPa (mbar)
Main article: Cyclone Guambe

On 10 February, a disturbance developed off the coast of Mozambique. On 12 February, Météo-France La Réunion noted that the system had transitioned into a subtropical depression and had made landfall near Inhambane, Mozambique. The storm was also slowly moving inland, without having developed any sustained convective activity.[112] The next day, the system was designated as an overland tropical depression, while bringing locally heavy rainfall across areas of southern Mozambique.[113] For the next few days, the system made a slow clockwise loop over Mozambique, while slowly organizing. By 15 February, the meandering system had turned back eastward and was expected to re-emerge into the Mozambique Channel.[114] At 06:00 UTC on 16 February, the system re-emerged over warm open water and was designated as Tropical Disturbance 11.[115] The storm continued organizing, and at 18:00 UTC that day, MFR upgraded the system to a tropical depression.[116] On 17 February, the depression strengthened into Moderate Tropical Storm Guambe at 12:00 UTC that day, with the northern section of the storm becoming enveloped in deep convection.[117]

The storm continued strengthening into the next day, as thunderstorm activity became more localized around the center of the storm's circulation; however, the lack of level convergence was initially limiting any significant intensification.[118] Despite this, Guambe strengthened into a severe tropical storm at 18:00 UTC on 18 February.[119] Over the next several hours, Guambe began undergoing rapid intensification, with a well-defined central dense overcast configuration developing, as the cyclone continued organizing.[120] Guambe quickly reached tropical cyclone status at 06:00 UTC on 19 February, with the appearance of a very small eye on infrared satellite imagery and a well-defined core structure.[121] At this time, JTWC estimated that Guambe had strengthened into a Category 2-equivalent tropical cyclone, with 1-minute sustained winds at 155 km/h (100 mph). Guambe's motion slowed as it held onto its strength, with the storm's eye occasionally re-appearing alongside sporadic bursts of convection.[122] Despite forecasts of further strengthening, Guambe rapidly weakened back down to severe tropical storm status on 20 February due to an eyewall replacement cycle.[123] Guambe's structure began to evolve into a curved band by the next day while it gradually accelerated southeast, with most of the thunderstorms becoming displaced to the east of the center.[124] Soon afterward, Guambe's structure beginning to decay, with the rainbands unraveling and warming cloud tops, caused by high wind shear and cool sea surface temperatures.[125] Guambe became a post-tropical low later on 21 February, as it began undergoing extratropical transition.[126] On February 22, the MRF issued their last advisory on the storm as it completed its extratropical transition and began interacting with the southern jet stream.[127]

Intense Tropical Cyclone Marian

Intense tropical cyclone (MFR)
Category 2 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
 
Duration1 March (Entered basin) –
2 March (Exited basin)
Peak intensity165 km/h (105 mph) (10-min);
950 hPa (mbar)

At 06:00 UTC on 1 March, Severe Tropical Cyclone Marian entered the area of responsibility of Météo-France La Réunion (MFR) after crossing the 90th meridian east from the Australian region.[128] At the time, the system was assessed as a Category 3 severe tropical cyclone on the Australian scale, with maximum 10-minute sustained winds of 150 km/h (90 mph) and a central atmospheric pressure of 964 hPa (28.47 inHg).[128] Upon entering the South-West Indian Ocean (SWIO) basin, the system was classified as a tropical cyclone by MFR.[129] Due to the short period of time that Marian was expected to stay in the SWIO basin before returning to the Australian region, it was agreed that the MFR would defer responsibility for providing official information on the system to the Australian Bureau of Meteorology (BOM).[129][130] Upon entering the basin, Marian become slow-moving in a competing steering environment, caught between ridges of high pressure to the north and south.[131] After a plateau in intensity lasting for more than a day, marked by an eyewall replacement cycle and periodic waxing and waning of deep convection around the core,[132][133] Marian began to strengthen again on 2 March.[134] Maximum 10-minute sustained winds increased to 165 km/h, with gusts to 230 km/h and a minimum atmospheric pressure of 950 hPa (28.05 inHg), and the system was upgraded by the BOM to Category 4 on the Australian scale, equivalent to an intense tropical cyclone in the SWIO basin.[134][135] The increase in intensity proved short-lived, however, and the cyclone began to gradually weaken as it commenced a slow track back towards the east.[136] Marian exited the SWIO basin just before 12:00 UTC on 2 March.[137][138]

Storm names

See also: Tropical cyclone naming and History of tropical cyclone naming

Tropical depressions and subtropical depressions are assigned a name when they intensify to have 10-minute sustained winds of 65 km/h (40 mph) as assessed by the Regional Specialized Meteorological Center on La Réunion Island, France (RSMC La Réunion).[139] The Sub-Regional Tropical Cyclone Advisory Center in Mauritius assigns a name to a cyclone if it intensifies into a moderate tropical storm between 55°E and 90°E. A cyclone is assigned a name by the Sub-Regional Tropical Cyclone Advisory Center in Madagascar if it intensifies into a moderate tropical storm between 30°E and 55°E. From the 2016–17 season, name lists within the South-West Indian Ocean are rotated on a triennial basis. Storm names that are assigned during the season are used once. Therefore, all storm names used this year will be removed from rotation and replaced with a new name for the 2023–24 season, while the unused names will remain on the list.[140] The names used during the 2017–18 season were Ava, Berguitta, Cebile, Dumazile, Eliakim, and Fakir. This year they were replaced by Alicia, Bongoyo, Chalane, Danilo, Eloise, and Faraji.

  • Jobo (unused)
  • Kanga (unused)
  • Ludzi (unused)
  • Melina (unused)
  • Nathan (unused)
  • Onias (unused)
  • Pelagie (unused)
  • Quamar (unused)
  • Rita (unused)
  • Solani (unused)
  • Tarik (unused)
  • Urilia (unused)
  • Vuyane (unused)
  • Wagner (unused)
  • Xusa (unused)
  • Yarona (unused)
  • Zacarias (unused)

Others

If a tropical cyclone enters the South-West Indian basin from the Australian region basin (west of 90°E), it will retain the name assigned to it by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology (BOM). The following storms were named in this manner:

  • Joshua
  • Marian

Season effects

This table lists all of the tropical cyclones and subtropical cyclones that were monitored during the 2020–2021 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season. Information on their intensity, duration, name, areas affected, primarily comes from RSMC La Réunion. Death and damage reports come from either press reports or the relevant national disaster management agency while the damage totals are given in 2020 or 2021 USD.

Name Dates Peak intensity Areas affected Damage
(USD) 		Deaths Refs
Category Wind speed Pressure
Alicia 12 – 17 November Tropical cyclone 120 km/h (75 mph) 975 hPa (28.79 inHg) None None None
02 14 – 17 November Tropical depression 55 km/h (35 mph) 999 hPa (29.50 inHg) None None None
Bongoyo 4 – 10 December Severe tropical storm 100 km/h (65 mph) 988 hPa (29.18 inHg) Cocos Islands None None
Chalane 19 – 30 December Severe tropical storm 110 km/h (70 mph) 983 hPa (29.03 inHg) Madagascar, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia Unknown 7 [141]
05 28 December – 3 January Tropical depression 55 km/h (35 mph) 998 hPa (29.47 inHg) Cocos Islands None None
Danilo 28 December – 12 January Severe tropical storm 100 km/h (65 mph) 981 hPa (28.97 inHg) Chagos Archipelago None None
Eloise 14 – 25 January Tropical cyclone 150 km/h (90 mph) 967 hPa (28.56 inHg) Madagascar, Mozambique, Malawi, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Eswatini $10 million 27 [142][143]
Joshua 17 – 19 January Moderate tropical storm 85 km/h (50 mph) 991 hPa (29.26 inHg) None None None
09 27 – 28 January Tropical depression 55 km/h (35 mph) 1001 hPa (29.56 inHg) None None None
Faraji 4 – 13 February Very intense tropical cyclone 230 km/h (145 mph) 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) None None None
Guambe 10 – 22 February Tropical cyclone 155 km/h (100 mph) 953 hPa (28.14 inHg) Madagascar, Mozambique, South Africa, Eswatini None None
Marian 1 – 2 March Intense tropical cyclone 165 km/h (105 mph) 950 hPa (28.05 inHg) None None None
Season aggregates
12 systems 12 November – Season ongoing 230 km/h (145 mph) 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) $10 million 34

See also

References

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