Coordinates: 41°23′N 4°27′W / 41.383°N 4.450°W / 41.383; -4.450

Castile and León: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
No edit summary
Line 63: Line 63:
'''Castile and León''' ({{IPAc-en|k|æ|ˈ|s|t|iː|l|...|l|i|ˈ|ɒ|n}}; {{lang-es|Castilla y León}} {{IPA-es|kasˈtiʎa i leˈon||Es-es_castilla-y-leon_001.ogg}}; [[Leonese language|Leonese]]: ''Castiella y Llión'' {{IPA-ast|kasˈtjeʎa i ʎiˈoŋ|}}; {{lang-gl|Castela e León}} {{IPA-gl|kasˈtɛla e leˈoŋ|}}) is an [[Autonomous communities of Spain|autonomous community]] in north-western [[Spain]]. It was constituted in 1983, although it existed for the first time during the [[First Spanish Republic]] in the 19th century. [[Kingdom of León|León]] first appeared as a Kingdom in 910, whilst the Kingdom of Castile gained an independent identity in 1065 and was intermittently held in personal union with León before merging with it permanently [[Kingdom of León#León and Castile|in 1230]]. It is the largest autonomous community in Spain and the third largest region of the [[European Union]], covering an area of {{convert|94223|km2|sqmi}} with an official population of around 2.5 million (2011).
'''Castile and León''' ({{IPAc-en|k|æ|ˈ|s|t|iː|l|...|l|i|ˈ|ɒ|n}}; {{lang-es|Castilla y León}} {{IPA-es|kasˈtiʎa i leˈon||Es-es_castilla-y-leon_001.ogg}}; [[Leonese language|Leonese]]: ''Castiella y Llión'' {{IPA-ast|kasˈtjeʎa i ʎiˈoŋ|}}; {{lang-gl|Castela e León}} {{IPA-gl|kasˈtɛla e leˈoŋ|}}) is an [[Autonomous communities of Spain|autonomous community]] in north-western [[Spain]]. It was constituted in 1983, although it existed for the first time during the [[First Spanish Republic]] in the 19th century. [[Kingdom of León|León]] first appeared as a Kingdom in 910, whilst the Kingdom of Castile gained an independent identity in 1065 and was intermittently held in personal union with León before merging with it permanently [[Kingdom of León#León and Castile|in 1230]]. It is the largest autonomous community in Spain and the third largest region of the [[European Union]], covering an area of {{convert|94223|km2|sqmi}} with an official population of around 2.5 million (2011).


From the beginning of the federalist debate in Spain in the 19th century during the [[First Spanish Republic]] there were projects of autonomy for a Castile and León region, as the project of [[Castilian Mancomunity]], [[Bases de Segovia]], [[Castilian Provincial League]] or [[Castilian Federal Pact]], but also including current [[Cantabria]] and [[La Rioja (Spain)|La Rioja]].<ref name = "Republic"> Article 1 of the Project of Federal Constitution of the First Spanish Republic, July 17, 1873.</ref><ref name = "Investigaciones his">''Investigaciones históricas''. Valladolid. Secretariado de Publicaciones, Universidad de Valladolid, 1979.</ref> Same project that continued to exist during the [[Second Spanish Republic]]<ref name = "catechism">Juan-Miguel Álvarez Domínguez.[http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/fichero_articulo?codigo=2381262&orden=0 ''The Regionalist Catechism of Don Eugenio, an example of Castilian-Leonese regionalism sponsored by León'']. 1931, Argutorio, No. 19 (2nd semester 2007), pp. 32-36.</ref><ref>''Diario de León'' (newspaper), May 22, 1936.</ref> and that was finally carried out after the [[Spanish Constitution of 1978|Constitution of 1978]] , but without Cantabria and La Rioja that, although it was considered to include them, finally formed uniprovincial autonomies.
⚫
In Castile and León, more than 60% of all of Spain's heritage sites are found (architectural, artistic, cultural, etc.).{{cn|date=November 2017}} All of which translate into: 8 [[World Heritage Site|World Heritage sites]], almost 1800 classified cultural heritage assets, 112 historic sites, 400 [[museum]]s, more than 500 [[castle]]s, of which 16 are considered of high historical value, 12 [[cathedral]]s, 1 concathedral, and the largest concentration of [[Romanesque art]] in the world. With 8 World Heritage sites, Castile and León is the region of the world with more cultural assets distinguished by the highest protection figure granted by Unesco, ahead of the Italian regions of [[Tuscany]] and [[Lombardy]], both with 6 sites.


Its Statute of Autonomy declares in its preamble:
⚫
[[23 April]] is designated [[Castile and León Day]], commemorating the defeat of the ''comuneros'' at the [[Battle of Villalar]] during the [[Revolt of the Comuneros]], in 1521. {{citation needed|date=April 2016}}
{{Quote|The Autonomous Community of Castile and León arises from the modern union of the historical territories that composed and gave name to the old crowns of [[Crown of Castile|León and Castile]]. Eleven hundred years ago, the [[Kingdom of León]] was constituted, from which that of [[Kingdom of Castile|Castile]] and [[Kingdom of Galicia|Galicia]] were dislodged as kingdoms throughout the 9th century, and, in 1143, that of [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]]. During these two centuries the monarchs who held the government of these lands attained the dignity of [[Imperator totius Hispaniae|emperors]], as attested by the terms of [[Alfonso VI of León and Castile|Alfonso VI]] and [[Alfonso VII of León and Castile|Alfonso VII]].<ref name = "Statute" />}}

⚫
23 April is designated [[Castile and León Day]], commemorating the defeat of the ''comuneros'' at the [[Battle of Villalar]] during the [[Revolt of the Comuneros]], in 1521. {{citation needed|date=April 2016}}

In Castile and León, more than 60% of all of Spain's heritage sites are found (architectural, artistic, cultural, etc.).<ref> {{web cite
  | author = Fundación Las Edades del Hombre
  | title = Objectivos - Fundación Las Edades del Hombre.
  | url = http://www.lasedades.es/contentobjetivos.htm
  | urlarchive = https://web.archive.org/web/20110720003124/http://www.lasedades.es/contentobjetivos.htm
  | datearchive = 20 of julio of 2011
⚫
}}</ref> All of which translate into: 8 [[World Heritage Site|World Heritage sites]], almost 1800 classified cultural heritage assets, 112 historic sites, 400 [[museum]]s, more than 500 [[castle]]s, of which 16 are considered of high historical value, 12 [[cathedral]]s, 1 concathedral, and the largest concentration of [[Romanesque art]] in the world. With 8 World Heritage sites, Castile and León is the region of the world with more cultural assets distinguished by the highest protection figure granted by Unesco, ahead of the Italian regions of [[Tuscany]] and [[Lombardy]], both with 6 sites.<ref> {{web cite
  | title = Vive Tosacana
  | url = http://www.vivetoscana.com.ar/patrimonio-de-la-humanidad-de-la-unesco-en-toscana/
}} </ref>
<ref> {{web cite
  | author = [[Unesco]]: World Heritage Conservation
  | title = Italy
  | url = http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/it
  | language = English
}}</ref>

Also, the [[Montes de Valsaín]] mountains and the [[Sierra de Béjar (mountain range)|Béjar]] and [[Sierra de Francia|Francia]] mountain ranges, in the [[Sistema Central]], the valleys of [[Laciana]], [[Biosphere Reserve of the Valleys of Omaña y Luna|Omaña y Luna]] and the [[Picos de Europa]] and [[Los Ancares]], in the [[Cantabrian Mountains]], and the [[Iberian Plateau]], in the [[Portugal–Spain border|border area]] with Portugal, have been declared [[Man and the Biosphere Programme|biosphere reserve]] by [[UNESCO]], which also recognizes the [[geopark]] of [[La Lora]] with this figure of protection.<ref>{{web cite| title = Europe & North America (289 biosphere reserves in 34 countries) | url = http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ecological-sciences/biosphere-reserves/europe-north-america/ | date = June 2014 | language = English | publisher = [[Unesco]]}}</ref> In addition, Castile and León is strongly related to two of the records of the [[Memory of the World Programme]] of UNESCO which are the ''Decreta'' of the [[Cortes of León|Cortes of León of 1188]], [[Curia regia (Spain)|curia regia]] considered the birthplace of worldwide [[parliamentarism]] by the institution itself,<ref>{{cite | url = http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2013/06/19/castillayleon/1371632533.html | title = Unesco recognizes León as the worldwide cradle of parliamentarism | work = El Mundo (newspaper) | date = June 19, 2013 | author = María R. Mayor}}</ref> and the [[Treaty of Tordesillas]].<ref>{{web cite
 | author = [[UNESCO]]: Memory of the World Programme
 | title = Memory of the World Programme - Spain
 | url = http://www.unesco.org/new/es/communication-and-information/flagship-project-activities/memory-of-the-world/register/access-by-region-and-country/europe-and-north-america/spain/
}}</ref>

The ''Index of development of social services'' reflects that the community has one of the best social services in the country, positioning itself as the third autonomy that offers the best benefits to its citizens, after the [[Basque Country (autonomous country)|Basque Country]] and [[Navarre]].<ref>{{cite
 | url = http://www.directoressociales.com/images/Dec2015/Folleto%20Indice%20DEC%202015.pdf
 | title = Índice de desarrollo de los servicios sociales 2015
 | publisher = Asociación Estatal de Directores y Gerentes en Servicios Sociales
 | year = 2016
}}</ref> Its education, according to the [[Programme for International Student Assessment]] report of 2015, leads the scores in reading and sciences with a score comparable to that of the ten best countries in the study.<ref name = "PISA 2015"/ >


== Geography ==
== Geography ==

Revision as of 05:03, 2 January 2018

Castile and León
[Castilla y León] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) Template:Es icon
Castiella y Llión (in Leonese)
[Castela e León] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) Template:Link language
Autonomous community
[Castilla y León] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) Template:Es icon
Flag of Castile and León
Flag
Coat-of-arms of Castile and León
Coat of arms
Map of Castile and León
Location of Castile and León within Spain
Coordinates: 41°23′N 4°27′W / 41.383°N 4.450°W / 41.383; -4.450
CountrySpain
CapitalUndeclared (Valladolid de facto[1])
Government
 • PresidentJuan Vicente Herrera (PP)
Area
 • Total94,222 km2 (36,379 sq mi)
 • Rank1st (18.6% of Spain)
Population
 (2016)
 • Total2,447,519
 • Density26/km2 (67/sq mi)
 • Pop. rank
6th
 • Percent
5.42% of Spain
Demonym
ISO 3166-2
CL
Official languagesSpanish (Leonese and Galician have special status)
Statute of Autonomy2 March 1983
ParliamentCortes of Castile and León
Congress seats31 (of 350)
Senate seats39 (of 266)
WebsiteJunta de Castilla y León

Castile and León (/kæˈstiːl ... liˈɒn/; Spanish: Castilla y León [kasˈtiʎa i leˈon] ⓘ; Leonese: Castiella y Llión [kasˈtjeʎa i ʎiˈoŋ]; Galician: Castela e León [kasˈtɛla e leˈoŋ]) is an autonomous community in north-western Spain. It was constituted in 1983, although it existed for the first time during the First Spanish Republic in the 19th century. León first appeared as a Kingdom in 910, whilst the Kingdom of Castile gained an independent identity in 1065 and was intermittently held in personal union with León before merging with it permanently in 1230. It is the largest autonomous community in Spain and the third largest region of the European Union, covering an area of 94,223 square kilometres (36,380 sq mi) with an official population of around 2.5 million (2011).

From the beginning of the federalist debate in Spain in the 19th century during the First Spanish Republic there were projects of autonomy for a Castile and León region, as the project of Castilian Mancomunity, Bases de Segovia, Castilian Provincial League or Castilian Federal Pact, but also including current Cantabria and La Rioja.[2][3] Same project that continued to exist during the Second Spanish Republic[4][5] and that was finally carried out after the Constitution of 1978 , but without Cantabria and La Rioja that, although it was considered to include them, finally formed uniprovincial autonomies.

Its Statute of Autonomy declares in its preamble:

The Autonomous Community of Castile and León arises from the modern union of the historical territories that composed and gave name to the old crowns of León and Castile. Eleven hundred years ago, the Kingdom of León was constituted, from which that of Castile and Galicia were dislodged as kingdoms throughout the 9th century, and, in 1143, that of Portugal. During these two centuries the monarchs who held the government of these lands attained the dignity of emperors, as attested by the terms of Alfonso VI and Alfonso VII.[6]

23 April is designated Castile and León Day, commemorating the defeat of the comuneros at the Battle of Villalar during the Revolt of the Comuneros, in 1521. [citation needed]

In Castile and León, more than 60% of all of Spain's heritage sites are found (architectural, artistic, cultural, etc.).[7] All of which translate into: 8 World Heritage sites, almost 1800 classified cultural heritage assets, 112 historic sites, 400 museums, more than 500 castles, of which 16 are considered of high historical value, 12 cathedrals, 1 concathedral, and the largest concentration of Romanesque art in the world. With 8 World Heritage sites, Castile and León is the region of the world with more cultural assets distinguished by the highest protection figure granted by Unesco, ahead of the Italian regions of Tuscany and Lombardy, both with 6 sites.[8] [9]

Also, the Montes de Valsaín mountains and the Béjar and Francia mountain ranges, in the Sistema Central, the valleys of Laciana, Omaña y Luna and the Picos de Europa and Los Ancares, in the Cantabrian Mountains, and the Iberian Plateau, in the border area with Portugal, have been declared biosphere reserve by UNESCO, which also recognizes the geopark of La Lora with this figure of protection.[10] In addition, Castile and León is strongly related to two of the records of the Memory of the World Programme of UNESCO which are the Decreta of the Cortes of León of 1188, curia regia considered the birthplace of worldwide parliamentarism by the institution itself,[11] and the Treaty of Tordesillas.[12]

The Index of development of social services reflects that the community has one of the best social services in the country, positioning itself as the third autonomy that offers the best benefits to its citizens, after the Basque Country and Navarre.[13] Its education, according to the Programme for International Student Assessment report of 2015, leads the scores in reading and sciences with a score comparable to that of the ten best countries in the study.Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page).

Rivers

The most prominent hydrographic feature of Castile and León is the River Douro (Spanish: Duero) and its tributaries. The Douro runs 897 kilometres (557 mi) from its headwaters in the Picos de Urbión in Soria to its mouth at the Portuguese city of Porto. Flowing into the Douro from the north, on its right bank, are the Pisuerga, the Valderaduey and the Esla, its most capacious tributaries, and from the east, on its left bank, the lesser flows of the Adaja and Duratón. [citation needed]

Climate

The highest rainfall is found in León, with a yearly average of 556mm, whilst Palencia has the lowest amount.[14] The region has a continental climate, characterized by relatively cold winters and dry warm summers. This is the result of distance from the sea and high altitude. Only two small areas have a milder climate, the section of the province of Avila which extends south of Gredos mountains into the Tiétar valley, and the area where the Duero river forms a natural border between Zamora province and Portugal known as the Arribes del Duero. [citation needed]

Regional administration and government

Provinces of Castile and León

Castile and León is divided into nine provinces: [citation needed]

Each of these provinces is named after its respective provincial capital.

Arco de Santa María, a medieval gate at the city of Burgos, built in the 14th century.

Autonomous Executive

See also: Junta of Castile and León

The executive of Castile and León is known as the Junta de Castilla y León in Spanish. [citation needed]

Political party Autonomic elections, 2011[15] Autonomic elections, 2007[16] Autonomic elections, 2003
Percentage Seats Percentage Seats Percentage Seats
Partido Popular de Castilla y León 51.59% 53 49.41% 48 48.56% 48
Partido Socialista de Castilla y León 29.61% 29 37.49% 33 36.74% 32
Unión del Pueblo Leonés 1.85% 1 2.74% 2 3.88% 3
Izquierda Unida LVCyL 4.89% 1 3.09% 0 3.43% 0
Tierra Comunera - ACAL - - 1.16% 0 1.19% 0
Revolt of the Comuneros.

Culture

Languages

Teresa of Ávila, Carmelite nun, Doctor of the Catholic Church, Reformer of the Carmelite Order, writer and the Patron Saint of Spanish writers.

Besides the dominant Castilian Spanish, three other regional languages figure in the linguistic patrimony of Castile and León. Two of these are recognized explicitly in the Statute of Autonomy. The Leonese language, according to the Statute, "will be the object of specific protection [...] for its particular value in the linguistic heritage of the Community".[17] The Galician language, according to the statute, "merits respect and protection in the places where it is habitually used,[18] which is effectively to say the portions of the comarcas of El Bierzo and Sanabria bordering Galicia.

Education

Façade of the University of Salamanca in which Francisco de Vitoria created the School of Salamanca and international law.
Universities

History

There are Verracos, megalithic monuments, around all Western Castile and León.
The Roman Aqueduct of Segovia
Medieval Walls of Ávila.
Basilica of San Isidoro in León, where in 1188 were celebrated the first parliament season of the history of Europe.
Façade of San Pablo Church in Valladolid.
Burgos Cathedral, burial place of El Cid
Episcopal Palace of Astorga, museum in the Way of St. James.
The dome of the cathedral of Zamora.

Castile and León traces its history to the medieval kingdoms of Castile and León, which were permanently united under the Crown of Castile in 1301. Together with other Christian-ruled Iberian kingdoms, the separate monarchies of Castile and León participated in the Reconquista, the re-conquest of Iberia from the Moors, its medieval Muslim rulers. [citation needed]

The first dynastic union of León and Castile came about in 1037, when Ferdinand, the 20-year-old Count of Castile, defeated his brother-in-law Bermudo III of León in battle and claimed the Crown of León through the rights of his own wife, Sancha, Bermudo's sister. [citation needed]

The medieval Cortes of León is one of the earliest ancestors of Europe's parliaments. The remote origins of the Cortes dates back to the early 12th century. The Cortes of León of 1188 called by Alfonso IX is one of the earliest documented gatherings of the estates in which commoners of the cities and towns are represented beside the clergy and nobility as counselors to the monarch. Alfonso gathered similar assemblies in 1202 in Benavente and 1208 in León. [citation needed]

Valladolid was home to a number of Castilian kings between the 12th and 17th centuries.[19]

Antecedents to the autonomous community

Spain has alternated between regionalism and centralization several times in the last century and a half. In 1869, the republicans of the present Castile and León plus the provinces of Santander (now Cantabria) and Logroño (now La Rioja) had drafted the Castilian Federal Pact (Pacto Federal Castellano), which projected the creation of a federated state under the name Castilla la Vieja (Old Castile) in these eleven provinces. During the First Republic (1873–1874), the Republican Democratic Federal Party (Partido Republicano Democrático Federal) intended to make this a reality.[20] However, the fall of the Republic at the beginning of 1874 put an end to this initiative.[21]

In 1921, on the fourth centenary of the Battle of Villalar, the municipal government of Santander, Cantabria advocated for the establishment of a Castilian commonwealth of these same eleven provinces. In late 1931 and early 1932, the priest Eugenio Merino, in León, wrote a piece for the Diario de León stating a basis for Castilian-Leonese regionalism.[22]

During the Second Republic, especially in 1936, there was a great deal of regionalist activity favorable to a region of eleven provinces, including the elaboration of the basis of a statute of autonomy. The Diario de León advocated for the formalization of this initiative and the constitution of an autonomous region as follows: "to unite in one personality León and Old Castile around the great basin of the Douro, without falling now into simple village rivalries."[23]

After the death of the dictator Francisco Franco unleashed the Spanish transition to democracy, there was an upwelling of Castilian-Leonese regionalist, autonomist and nationalist organizations, such as Alianza Regional de Castilla y León (1975), Instituto Regional de Castilla y León (1976) and the Autonomic Nationalist Party of Castile and León (Partido Autonómico Nacionalista de Castilla y León, PANCAL, 1977). None of these survive today, but similar sentiments are now represented by Unidad Regionalista de Castilla y León (1993).[24]

Forming the autonomous community

The Provincial Deputation of León agreed on April 16, 1980 to endorse the Castilian-Leonese process, but then revoked that support January 13, 1983, just as the proposed Organic Law was before the Spanish parliament. The Constitutional Court of Spain upheld the first of these two contradictory Leonese resolutions.[25] The court's decision was met by demonstrations in León and elsewhere in the Leonese territories in favor of a policy of León solo ("León alone"). The roughly 90,000 people who gathered in León at that time[26] constituted the largest demonstration in that city between the revival of democracy and the demonstrations after the 2004 Madrid train bombings.[27]

Demography

Casa de los Botines, León
Historical population
YearPop.±%
19002,302,417—    
19102,362,878+2.6%
19202,337,405−1.1%
19302,477,324+6.0%
19402,694,347+8.8%
19502,864,378+6.3%
19602,848,352−0.6%
19702,623,196−7.9%
19812,575,064−1.8%
19912,562,979−0.5%
20012,456,474−4.2%
20112,540,188+3.4%
20172,436,850−4.1%
Source: INE

The most recent official census by the Instituto Nacional de Estadística, as January 1, 2011, gave a population of 2,540,188 (1,259,641 males and 1,280,546 females) representing 5.42 percent of the population of Spain. As of January 2011 the population of Castile and León, by province, stood as follows: Ávila, 171,647 inhabitants; Burgos, 372,538; León, 493,312; Palencia,170,513; Salamanca, 350,018; Segovia, 163,171; Soria, 94,610; Valladolid, 532,765; and Zamora, 191,613.[28]

Burgo de Osma.
Plaza Mayor (main square) of Valladolid

Present-day population distribution

In 1960 only 20.6 percent of the population of present-day Castile and León was urban; by 1991 that percentage had risen to 42.3 percent. The decline in rural population has apparently been somewhat stemmed, with a 1998 statistic showing 43 percent.[citation needed]

Many rural areas became very sparsely populated in the mid-to-late 20th century. In 1986 there were seven times as many municipalities with less than 100 inhabitants as in 1960.

A recent study from University of Porto (Portugal) highlighted Castile and León - particularly the province of Salamanca - as one of the European regions where old people could expect to live longer.[29]

Notable cities include the nine provincial capitals plus Miranda de Ebro and Aranda de Duero in the province of Burgos, Ponferrada and San Andrés del Rabanedo in León, Béjar in Salamanca, and Medina del Campo and Laguna de Duero in Valladolid.

Of the 2,247 municipalities in the autonomous community, the 2000 census shows 1,970 with 1,000 or fewer inhabitants; 234 between 1,001 and 5,000; 20 between 5,001 and 10,000; 10 between 10,001 and 20,000; 6 between 20,001 and 50,000; 3 between 50,001 and 100,000; and 4 with over 100,000 inhabitants. Those last are Valladolid (319,943 in 2007), Burgos (174,075), Salamanca (159,754) and León (135,059). At the other extreme Blasconuño de Matacabras (Ávila) has a population of 18, Reinoso (Burgos) has 24, Villarmentero de Campos (Palencia), has 14, and Gormaz (Soria), 17.

Population of cities with more than 20,000 inhabitants (Source: INE, January 1, 2011):
City Population City Population City Population
Valladolid 313,437 Ponferrada 68,508 Miranda de Ebro 38,930
Burgos 179,251 Zamora 65,525 Aranda de Duero 33,229
Salamanca 153,472 Ávila 59,008 San Andrés del Rabanedo 31,562
León 132,744 Segovia 55,220 Laguna de Duero 22,334
Palencia 81,552 Soria 39,987 Medina del Campo 21,607

Economy

The city hall in Plaza Mayor de Salamanca. Salamanca is the most visited city of the community.

Castile and León accounts for 5.2% of Spain's GDP.[30]

Work force

In 2001 the work force was 1,005,200 with 884,200 employed, meaning 12.1 percent of the work force were out of work. 10.9 percent of the employed population work in agriculture, 20.6 percent in industry, 12.7 percent in construction, and 63.1 percent in the service sector.

In 2007, the unemployment rate was down to 6.99 percent,[31] but the late-2000s recession drove that number up to 14.14 percent by July 2009.[32]

Primary sector

Villarejo de Órbigo, Province of León. A typical rural village of Ribera del Órbigo.

The region has nine DO wine zones, which are mostly located around the Duero valley.[33]

Some 92,600 people work in the primary sector in Castile and León, about 10 percent of employment in the region. 2001 data showed 5 percent unemployment in this sector.[citation needed]

Wheat farms in Paradinas, Santa María la Real de Nieva.

Broken down by provinces, approximately 9,400 are employed in this sector in Ávila, 8,100 each in Burgos and Palencia, 18,300 in León, 9,200 in Salamanca, 6,400 in Segovia, 5,600 in Soria, 8,300 in Valladolid, and 14,600 in Zamora. The region's agricultural and farming sector represent 7.6% of the total in Spain.[citation needed]

Secondary sector

A 2007 Ribera del Duero from Pesquera.

As of 2000, industry 18 %of the work force were engaged in industry, generating 25 percent of regional GDP. The principal industrial centres are the cities of Valladolid (21,054 workers in industry), Burgos (20,217), Aranda de Duero (4,872), León (4,521) and Ponferrada (4,270).[34]

Tourism

Alcázar of Segovia
Castle of La Mota
There are many Templar and Medieval castles in Castile and León. Here, the Templar Castle of Ponferrada, province of León.

Tourism highlights of the region include:[35]

Transportation

Rail

Castilla y León has an extensive rail network, including the principal lines from Madrid to Cantabria and Galicia. The line from Paris to Lisbon crosses the region, reaching the Portuguese frontier at Fuentes de Oñoro in Salamanca. Astorga, Burgos, León, Miranda de Ebro, Palencia, Ponferrada, Medina del Campo and Valladolid are all important railway junctions.[citation needed]

Railways operate in several different gauges: Iberian gauge (1,668 mm (5 ft 5+21⁄32 in)), UIC gauge (1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)) and Narrow gauge (1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in)). Except for some narrow-gauge lines, trains are operated by RENFE on lines maintained by the Administrador de Infraestructuras Ferroviarias (ADIF); both of these are national, state-owned companies. [citation needed]

Iberian gauge lines (ADIF/RENFE)

[citation needed]

Narrow gauge

[citation needed]

Roads

The region is also crossed by two major ancient routes:[citation needed]

  • The Way of St. James, mentioned above as a World Heritage Site, now a hiking trail and a motorway, from east to west.
  • The Roman Via de la Plata ("Silver Way"), mentioned above in the context of mining, now a main road through the west of the region.

The road network is regulated by the Ley de carreteras 10/2008 de Castilla y León (Highway Law 10/2008 of Castile and León).[36] This law allows for the possibility of roads financed by the private sector through concessions, as well as the public construction of roads that has long prevailed. [citation needed]

Nature

Flora and vegetation

Mountain vegetation in Siete Picos and La Mujer Muerta, Sierra de Guadarrama, province of Segovia.

The solitary oaks and junipers now found on the Castilian-Leonese plains are remnants of forests that once covered these lands. Agricultural exploitation—cultivation of cereals and creation of pastures for the vast flocks of the Castilian Meseta—meant the deforestation of these lands during the Middle Ages.[citation needed]

Valle de Mena, Province of Burgos

Wide extensions of oak survive on the lower slopes of the Sistema Central. Higher up, between 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) and 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) altitude, chestnuts are abundant. Nonetheless, many oak forests have disappeared, cut down and replaced by pines. The principal native pine forests are in the Sierra de Guadarrama. The subalpine zones between 1,700 metres (5,600 ft) and 2,200 metres (7,200 ft) are home to shrubs and juniper. [citation needed]

Fauna

The Spanish imperial eagle (Aquila adalberti).

The mountain rivers provide a habitat for nutrias and Pyrenean desmans, not to mention trout, freshwater eels, bighead carp and some increasingly rare native freshwater crabs. Mammals include the otter (Lutra lutra) and desman (Galemys pyrenaicus). In the lower depths of the river are the barbels (Barbus barbus) and carp. Local amphibians include newts, the Almanzor salamander (Salamandra salamandra almanzoris, a subspecies of fire salamander) and the Gredos toad (Bufo bufo gredosicola, a supspecies of common toad); the latter two are endemic to the Sistema Central. [citation needed]

Among the birds that populate the open Mediterranean forests are two endangered species: the black stork (Ciconia nigra) and the Spanish imperial eagle (also known as Iberian imperial eagle or Adalbert's eagle, Aquila adalberti). [citation needed]

Castilla y Leon contains around 30% of the world's great bustard (Otis tarda) population.[37]

After many centuries disappeared from the Iberian Peninsula, the European bison is being reintroduced in the region.[38]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "El PP renuncia a solicitar la capitalidad para evitar conflictos entre provincias" (in Spanish). El Mundo. Retrieved 10 October 2013.
  2. ^ Article 1 of the Project of Federal Constitution of the First Spanish Republic, July 17, 1873.
  3. ^ Investigaciones históricas. Valladolid. Secretariado de Publicaciones, Universidad de Valladolid, 1979.
  4. ^ Juan-Miguel Álvarez Domínguez.The Regionalist Catechism of Don Eugenio, an example of Castilian-Leonese regionalism sponsored by León. 1931, Argutorio, No. 19 (2nd semester 2007), pp. 32-36.
  5. ^ Diario de León (newspaper), May 22, 1936.
  6. ^ Cite error: The named reference Statute was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ {{web cite   | author = Fundación Las Edades del Hombre   | title = Objectivos - Fundación Las Edades del Hombre.   | url = http://www.lasedades.es/contentobjetivos.htm   | urlarchive = https://web.archive.org/web/20110720003124/http://www.lasedades.es/contentobjetivos.htm   | datearchive = 20 of julio of 2011 }}
  8. ^ {{web cite   | title = Vive Tosacana   | url = http://www.vivetoscana.com.ar/patrimonio-de-la-humanidad-de-la-unesco-en-toscana/ }}
  9. ^ {{web cite   | author = Unesco: World Heritage Conservation   | title = Italy   | url = http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/it   | language = English }}
  10. ^ "Europe & North America (289 biosphere reserves in 34 countries)". Unesco. June 2014.
  11. ^ María R. Mayor (June 19, 2013), "Unesco recognizes León as the worldwide cradle of parliamentarism", El Mundo (newspaper)
  12. ^ {{web cite  | author = UNESCO: Memory of the World Programme  | title = Memory of the World Programme - Spain  | url = http://www.unesco.org/new/es/communication-and-information/flagship-project-activities/memory-of-the-world/register/access-by-region-and-country/europe-and-north-america/spain/ }}
  13. ^ {{cite  | url = http://www.directoressociales.com/images/Dec2015/Folleto%20Indice%20DEC%202015.pdf  | title = Índice de desarrollo de los servicios sociales 2015  | publisher = Asociación Estatal de Directores y Gerentes en Servicios Sociales  | year = 2016 }}
  14. ^ "Climate in Castilla y Leon". IberiaNature. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
  15. ^ Elecciones Municipales 2011 (El País).
  16. ^ Resultados autonómicos de Castilla y León Archived August 18, 2007, at archive.today (Cinco Días).
  17. ^ "será objeto de protección específica [...] por su particular valor dentro del patrimonio lingüístico de la Comunidad"
  18. ^ "gozará de respeto y protección en los lugares en que habitualmente se utilice"
  19. ^ "Castilla y Leon travel guide". Insight Guides. Apa Publications. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
  20. ^ Artículo 1, Proyecto Constitución Federal de la I República Española, 17 de julio de 1873
  21. ^ Investigaciones históricas. Valladolid: Secretariado de Publicaciones, Universidad de Valladolid, 1979
  22. ^ Juan-Miguel Alvarez Dominguez, "El Catecismo Regionalista de Don Eugenio, un ejemplo de regionalismo castellanoleonés patrocinado desde León (1931)", Argutorio, nº 19 (2º semestre 2007), pp. 32-36.
  23. ^ «unir en una personalidad a León y Castilla la Vieja en torno a la gran cuenca del Duero, sin caer ahora en rivalidades pueblerinas». Diario de León, 22 de mayo de 1936.
  24. ^ "Seis grupos políticos se fusionan en un partido regionalista en Castilla y León". Elpais.com. Retrieved 2010-10-03.
  25. ^ Tribunal Constitucional Española, Sentencia 89/1984, fundamento de derecho 5, September 28, 1984.
  26. ^ Diario de León, 5 de mayo de 1984.
  27. ^ Diario de León, 13 de marzo de 2004.
  28. ^ National Statistics Institute
  29. ^ Ribeiro, Ana Isabel; Krainski, Elias Teixeira; Carvalho, Marilia Sá; Pina, Maria de Fátima de (2016-02-15). "Where do people live longer and shorter lives? An ecological study of old-age survival across 4404 small areas from 18 European countries". Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 70: jech–2015-206827. doi:10.1136/jech-2015-206827. ISSN 1470-2738. PMID 26880296.
  30. ^ "Castilla y Leon". Internal Market, Industry. European Commission. Retrieved 10 December 2015. (login required)
  31. ^ El paro bajó en Castilla y León un 5% frente a un incremento nacional del 6,5, El Mundo, 2008-01-26. Retrieved 2009-11-30.
  32. ^ El paro sube en la Comunidad en 5.000 personas en el segundo trimestre, rtvcyl.es, 2009-07-24. Retrieved 2009-11-30.
  33. ^ "Castilla y Leon wines". Wine-Searcher. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
  34. ^ Fichas Municipales - 2008 DATOS ECONÓMICOS Y SOCIALES, Caja España, 2008. Archived December 22, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  35. ^ "Introducing Castilla y León". Lonely Planet. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  36. ^ Ha entrado en vigor la nueva Ley de carreteras de Castilla y León que regula la planificación, proyección, construcción, conservación, financiación, uso y explotación de las carreteras con itinerario comprendido íntegramente en el territorio de la Comunidad Autónoma de Castilla y León y que no sean de titularidad del Estado. [1][dead link]
  37. ^ Carlos A Martín, Carmen Martínez, Luis Miguel Bautista and Beatriz Martín (June 2012). "Population increase of the great bustard Otis tarda in its main distribuiton area in relation to changes in farming practice". Ardeola. 59 (1). SEO/BirdLife: 31–42. doi:10.13157/arla.59.1.2012.31.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  38. ^ http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2010/06/04/castillayleon/1275667194.html
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Castile and León.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Castile_and_León&oldid=818198299"