Occitania: Difference between revisions

Occitania

Occitània
Occitania Occitània
Region
	Gordes, a typical Provençal village, named by CNN as the most beautiful village of the world
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	Etymology: Oc (yes in Occitan)+"itania" from Aquitania
	Linguistic map of Occitania
Continent	Europe
Population
• Total	16 million

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Occitania (Occitan: Occitània, IPA: [uksiˈtanjɔ], [ukʃiˈtanjɔ], [usiˈtanjɔ], [uksiˈtanja] or [utsiˈtanjɔ],^[2]^[3] is the historical region in southern Europe where Occitan was historically the main language spoken,^[4] and where it is sometimes still used, for the most part as a second language. This cultural area roughly encompasses the southern half of France, as well as part of Catalonia (Aran Valley), Monaco, and smaller parts of Italy (Occitan Valleys, Guardia Piemontese). Occitania has been recognized as a linguistic and cultural concept since the Middle Ages, but has never been a legal nor a political entity under this name, although the territory was united in Roman times as the Seven Provinces (Latin: Septem Provinciæ^[5]) and in the early Middle Ages (Aquitanica or the Visigothic Kingdom of Toulouse,^[6] or the share of Louis the Pious following Thionville divisio regnorumi in 806^[7]).

Currently about 200,000–800,000^[8]^[9] people out of 16 million living in the area are either native or proficient speakers of Occitan,^[10] although the languages more usually spoken in the area are French, Catalan, Spanish and Italian . Since 2006, the Occitan language has been an official language of Catalonia, which includes the Aran Valley where Occitan gained official status in 1990.

Under Roman rule, most of Occitania was known as Aquitania,^[11] the earlier conquered territories were known as Provincia Romana (see modern Provence), while the northern provinces of what is now France were called Gallia (Gaul). Under the Later Empire, both were grouped in the Seven Provinces, then Nine Provinces or Viennensis. So Provence and Gallia Aquitania (or Aquitanica) are the names used since medieval times for Occitania (i.e. Limousin, Auvergne, Languedoc and Gascony). Thus the historic Duchy of Aquitaine must not be confused with the modern French region called Aquitaine: this is the main reason why the term Occitania was revived in the mid-19th century. The names "Occitania"^[12] and "Occitan language" (Occitana lingua) appeared in Latin texts from as early as 1242–1254^[13] to 1290^[14] and during the following years of the early 14th century; texts exist in which the area is referred to indirectly as "the country of the Occitan language" (Patria Linguae Occitanae). This derives from the name Lenga d'òc that was used in Italian (Lingua d'òc) by Dante in the late 13th century. The somewhat uncommon ending of the term Occitania is most probably a portmanteau French clerks coined from òc [ɔk] and Aquitània [ɑkiˈtanjɑ], thus blending the language and the land in just one concept.^[15]

On 28 September 2016 Occitanie became the name of the administrative region that succeeded the regions of Midi-Pyrénées and Languedoc-Roussillon.^[16]

Geographic extent

The extent of Occitania may vary according to the criteria used:

Based on a geolinguistic definition, Occitania coincides with the current area of Occitan Occitan language^[17]^[18]. The formerly Occitanophone regions are not included^[19], on the other hand one always speaks Occitan in the French Basque Country^[20]^[21] and in the Països Catalans (the Val d'Aran and the Fenolheda), and internal allophone enclaves (Petite Gavacharie of Poitevin-Saintongeais language, ancient Ligurianenclaves of eastern Provence, the quasi-Ligurian-Occitan enclave of Monaco ...); either taking into account the mass of lands where Occitan is spoken, without taking into account small internal or external enclaves^[22]. This last definition of a contiguous and compact territory is currently the most widespread.
Occitania was first defined in relation to its civilization, even before its language^[23]. It gave rise in Europe to the troubadour movement, the idea of equality in human rights, racial and religious tolerance and a new culture of love which allowed the first moral and social promotion of women^[23]. According to this definition taken up by historians and anthropologists^[24], the domain is extended north to the Loire including former Occitanophone regions^[25] (Aguiaine, Boischaut, Bourbonnais, etc.). The North of Italy and the Països Catalans were also homes of troubadour using the Koiné Occitan literary. In the same way, the Basque Country and Aragon benefited from Occitan stands, old or newer, which notably gave rise to the appearance of a Occitan dialect south of the Pyrenees. We can also note the historical use of a Occitan scripta as official language^[26]^[27]^[28].

The name Occitanie appeared in the Middle Ages on the basis of a geographical, linguistic and cultural concept, to designate the part of the French royal domain speaking the langue d’oc ^[29].

Geography

Occitania includes the following regions:

The southern half of France: Provence, Drôme-Vivarais, Auvergne, Limousin, Guyenne, Gascony, southern Dauphiné and Languedoc. French is now the dominant language in this area, where Occitan is not recognized as an official language.
The Occitan Valleys in the Italian Аlps, where the Occitan language received legal status in 1999. These are fourteen Piedmontese valleys in the provinces of Cuneo and Torino, as well as in scattered mountain communities of the Liguria region (province of Imperia), and, unexpectedly, in one community (Guardia Piemontese) in the region of Calabria (province of Cosenza).
The Aran valley, in the Pyrenees, in Catalonia where Occitan has been an official language since 1990 (status granted by the partial autonomy of Aran Valley, then confirmed by the Catalan Statute)
The Principality of Monaco (where Occitan is traditionally spoken beside Monégasque).

Occitan or langue d'oc (lenga d'òc) is a Latin-based Romance language in the same way as Spanish, Italian or French. There are six main regional varieties, with easy inter-comprehension among them: Provençal (including Niçard spoken in the vicinity of Nice), Vivaroalpenc, Auvernhat, Lemosin, Gascon (including Bearnés spoken in Béarn) and Lengadocian. All these varieties of the Occitan language are written and valid. Standard Occitan is a synthesis which respects soft regional adaptations. See also Northern Occitan and Southern Occitan.

Catalan is a language very similar to Occitan and there are quite strong historical and cultural links between Occitania and Catalonia.

History

Written texts in Occitan appeared in the 10th century: it was used at once in legal then literary, scientific or religious texts. The spoken dialects of Occitan are centuries older and appeared as soon as the 8th century, at least, revealed in toponyms or in Occitanized words left in Latin manuscripts, for instance.

"Speak French Be Clean" written across the wall of a Southern French school

Occitania was often politically united during the Early Middle Ages, under the Visigothic Kingdom and several Merovingian and Carolingian sovereigns. In Thionville, nine years before he died (805), Charlemagne vowed that his empire be partitioned into three autonomous territories according to nationalities and mother tongues: along with the Franco-German and Italian ones, was roughly what is now modern Occitania from the reunion of a broader Provence and Aquitaine.^[30] But things did not go according to plan and at the division of the Frankish Empire (9th century), Occitania was split into different counties, duchies and kingdoms, bishops and abbots, self-governing communes of its walled cities. Since then the country was never politically united again, though Occitania was united by a common culture which used to cross easily the political, constantly moving boundaries. Occitania suffered a tangle of varying loyalties to nominal sovereigns: from the 9th to the 13th centuries, the dukes of Aquitaine, the counts of Foix, the counts of Toulouse and the Counts of Barcelona rivalled in their attempts at controlling the various pays of Occitania.

Occitan literature was glorious and flourishing at that time: in the 12th and 13th centuries, the troubadours invented courtly love (fin'amor) and the Lenga d'Òc spread throughout all European cultivated circles. Actually, the terms Lenga d'Òc, Occitan, and Occitania appeared at the end of the 13th century.

But from the 13th to the 17th centuries, the French kings gradually conquered Occitania, sometimes by war and slaughtering the population, sometimes by annexation with subtle political intrigue. From the end of the 15th century, the nobility and bourgeoisie started learning French while the people stuck to Occitan (this process began from the 13th century in two northernmost regions, northern Limousin and Bourbonnais). In 1539, Francis I issued the Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts that imposed the use of French in administration. But despite measures such as this, a strong feeling of national identity against the French occupiers remained and Jean Racine wrote on a trip to Uzès in 1662: "What they call France here is the land beyond the Loire, which to them is a foreign country."^[31]

In 1789, the revolutionary committees tried to re-establish the autonomy of the "Midi" regions: they used the Occitan language, but the Jacobin power neutralized them.

The 19th century witnessed a strong revival of the Occitan literature and the writer Frédéric Mistral was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1904.

But from 1881 onwards, children who spoke Occitan at school were punished in accordance with minister Jules Ferry's recommendations. That led to a deprecation of the language known as la vergonha (the shaming): the whole fourteen million inhabitants of the area spoke Occitan in 1914,^[32] but French gained the upper hand during the 20th century. The situation got worse with the media excluding the use of the langue d'oc. In spite of that decline, the Occitan language is still alive and gaining fresh impetus.

Outer settlements

Although not really a colony in a modern sense, there was an enclave in the County of Tripoli. Raymond IV of Toulouse founded it in 1102 during the Crusades north of Jerusalem. Most people of this county came from Occitania and Italy and so the Occitan language was spoken.

Today

There are 14 to 16 million inhabitants in Occitania today. According to the 1999 census, there are 610,000 native speakers and another million people with some exposure to the language. Native speakers of Occitan are to be found mostly in the older generations. The Institut d'Estudis Occitans (IEO) has been modernizing the Occitan language since 1945, and the Conselh de la Lenga Occitana (CLO) since 1996. Nowadays Occitan is used in the most modern musical and literary styles such as rock 'n roll, folk rock (Lou Dalfin), rap (Fabulous Trobadors), reggae (Massilia Sound System) and heavy metal, detective stories or science-fiction. It is represented on the internet. Association schools (Calandretas) teach children in Occitan.

The Occitan political movement for self-government has existed since the beginning of the 20th century and particularly since post-war years (Partit Occitan, Partit de la Nacion Occitana, Anaram Au Patac, Iniciativa Per Occitània, Paratge, Bastir! etc.). The movement remains negligible in electoral and political terms. Nevertheless, Regional Elections in 2010 allowed the Partit Occitan to enter the Regional councils of Aquitaine, Auvergne, Midi-Pyrénées, and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur.

Major demonstrations in Carcassonne (2005 and 2009) and Béziers (2007) and the week-long Estivada festivals in Rodez (2006–2010) suggest that there is a revival of Occitan language and culture. However, in France, Occitan is still not recognized as an official language, as the status of French has been constitutionally protected since 1992, and Occitan activists want the French government to adopt Occitan as the second official language for seven regions representing the South of France. ^{[citation needed]}

Culture

Literature

The troubadour school first marked the emergence of a distinct Occitan culture during the High Middle Ages. The troubadours were highly appreciated for their refined lyricism and influenced many other similar "schools" throughout Europe. Troubadourism (the later shorthand) remained a tradition for centuries and its members were mainly from the aristocracy; the movement epitomized by William IX, Duke of Aquitaine and Bertran de Born.
Occitan literature experienced a rebirth during the Baroque period, mainly in Gascony through the Béarnese dialect. Indeed, Béarnese was the mother-tongue Henry IV of France, whose designation sparked a relative enthusiasm for Béarnese literature with the publication of works by Pey de Garros and Arnaud de Salette. Toulouse was also an important place for this renaissença, especially through the poems of Pèire Godolin. Nonetheless, Occitan literature following the death of Henry IV went into a significant period of decline, as witnessed by the fact that local poets, such as Clément Marot, began to write in French.
Frédéric Mistral and his Félibrige school marked the renewal of the Occitan language in literature in the middle of the 19th century. Mistral won the 1904 Nobel Prize in literature, illustrating the curiosity about the Provençal dialect (which was considered an exotic language) in France and in Europe at that time, with his Irish friend and colleague, the poet William Bonaparte-Wyse, choosing Provençal as his own language of composition.
L'Acadèmia dels Jòcs Florals (The Academy of the Floral Games), held every year in Toulouse, is considered one of the oldest literary institution in the Western world (founded in 1323). Its main purpose is to promote Occitan poetry.
In 1945 the cultural association L'Institut d'Estudis Occitans (The Institute of Occitan Studies) was created by a group of Occitan and French writers, including Jean Cassou, Tristan Tzara and Renat Nelli. Its purpose is to maintain and develop the language and influence of Occitania, mainly through the promotion of local literature and poetry.

Music

Romantic composer Gabriel Fauré was born in Pamiers, Ariège in the Pyrenees region of France.

The Romantic music composer Déodat de Séverac was born in the region, and, following his schooling in Paris, he returned to the region to compose. He sought to incorporate the music indigenous to the area in his compositions.

Gastronomy

The Occitanian gastronomy or occitan cuisine is considered as Mediterranean but has some specific features that separate it from the Catalan cuisine or Italian cuisine. Indeed, because of the size of Occitania and the great diversity of landscapes- from the mountaineering of the Pyrenees and the Alps, rivers and lakes, and finally the Mediterranean and Atlantic coast – it can be considered as a highly varied cuisine. Compared to other Mediterranean cuisines, we could note the using of basic elements and flavors, among them meat, fish and vegetables, moreover the frequent using of the olive oil; although also compound of elements from the Atlantic coast cuisine, with cheeses, pastes, creams, butters and more high calorie food. Among well-renowned meals common on the Mediterranean coast includes ratatolha (the equivalent of Catalan samfaina), alhòli, bolhabaissa (similar to Italian Brodetto alla Vastese), pan golçat (bread with olive oil) likewise salads with mainly olives, rice, corn and wine. Another significant aspect that changes compared to its Mediterranean neighbors is the abundant amount of aromatic herbs; some of them are typically Mediterranean, like parsley, rosemary, thyme, oregano or again basil.

Some of the world-renowned traditional meals are Provençal ratatolha (ratatouille), alhòli (aioli) and adauba (Provençal stew), Niçard salada nissarda (Salad Niçoise) and pan banhat (Pan-bagnat), Limousin clafotís (clafoutis), Auvergnat aligòt (aligot), Languedocien caçolet (cassoulet), or again Gascon fetge gras (foie gras).

Occitania is also home of a great variety of cheeses (like Roquefort, Bleu d'Auvergne, Cabécou, Cantal, Fourme d'Ambert, Laguiole, Pélardon, Saint-Nectaire, Salers) and a great diversity of wines such as Bordeaux, Rhône wine, Gaillac wine, Saint-Émilion wine, Blanquette de Limoux, Muscat de Rivesaltes, Provence wine, Cahors wine, Jurançon. Alcohols such as Pastis and Marie Brizard or brandies such as, Armagnac, and Cognac are produced in the area.

Image gallery

Saint-Sernin's Basilica's chevet, Toulouse. The largest Romanesque church in Europe.
Global view of the village of Conques.
View of the episcopal city of Albi.
View of the Old Town of the colorful city of Menton, on the French Riviera.
View of Marseilles, the largest city in Southern France.
The Cistercian abbey of Sénanque.
Palais des Papes of Avignon.
Gorges du Verdon Canyon.
Typical Cévennes and Larzac landscape.
One of the many lakes of the Mercantour National Park, in the French Alps.
The fortified town of Carcassonne, Aude.
The Roman Pont du Gard.
The headquarters of Michelin, Clermont-Ferrand.
View of Airbus facilities in Blagnac.
A traditional Cognac distillery, Charente.
A surfer at Soorts-Hossegor, considered as one of the best surfing spots in the world.^[33]
Cannes during the festival period.
University of Montpellier's Faculty of Medicine, the oldest and still-active medical school in the world^[34]
Pau Golf Club, the oldest golf club in Continental Europe.^[35]

References

^ Gerrie, Anthea (2012-05-18). "World's most beautiful towns | CNN Travel". Travel.cnn.com.
^ Regional pronunciations: Occitània = [u(k)siˈtanjɔ, ukʃiˈtanjɔ, u(k)siˈtanja]. Note that the variant Occitania* = [utsitanˈi(j)ɔ] is considered incorrect, since it is influenced by French, according to Alibert's prescriptive grammar (p. viii) and to the prescriptions of the Occitan Language Council (p. 101^{[permanent dead link]}).
^ When speaking Occitan, Occitania is usually referred to as lo país, i.e. 'the country'.
^ "The ancient language of the South France, was called, la langue d'oc, from the sound of its affirmative particle. From this circumstance, the country has been called Occitanie, and a specific portion of it, Languedoc. The French have lately formed a new adjective, Occitanique, to comprize all the dialects derived from the ancient tongue." in Sharon Turner, The history of England (during the middle ages), London, Longman, Hurst, &c. 1814. Read on GoogleBooks
^ Map of the Roman Empire, ca400 AD
^ Map of the Visigothic Kingdom
^ Map of the 806 divisio regnorum'. Louis' share in yellow.'
^ Fabrice BERNISSAN (2012). "Combien l'occitan compte de locuteurs en 2012 ?", Revue de Linguistique Romane, 76 (12/2011-07/2012), pp. 467-512
^ « De fait, le nombre des locuteurs de l’occitan a pu être estimé par l’INED dans un premier temps à 526 000 personnes, puis à 789 000, » ("In fact, the number of occitan speakers was estimated by the French Demographics Institute at 526,000 people, then 789,000") Philippe Martel, "Qui parle occitan ?" in Langues et cité n°10, December 2007.
^ "World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous People". Archived from the original on 2009-04-29. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Jean-Pierre Juge (2001) Petit précis – Chronologie occitane – Histoire & civilisation, p. 14
^ Joseph Anglade, Grammaire de l'ancien provençal ou ancienne langue d'oc, 1921, Part I, Chapter 1, p. 9: Le mot Langue d'Oc a d'abord désigné le pays où se parlait cette langue; c'était une expression géographique. Le pays de langue d'oc s'appelait en Latin Occitania (formé sans doute sur Aquitania) ("The words Langue d'Oc first designated the country where the language was spoken: it was a geographical expression. The land of the langue d'oc was called Occitania in Latin (probably coined from Aquitania").
^ Frederic Mistral, Lo Tresor dóu Felibrige (1878–1886), vol. II, p. 1171: "Les textes abondent qui montrent l'origine française ou ecclésiastique des expressions lingua occitana et Occitania. Le pape Innocent IV (1242–1254), un des premiers parle de Occitania dans ses lettres; les commissaires de Philippe le Bel qui rédigèrent l'arrêt sanè des coûtumes de Toulouse se déclarent Ad partes linguae occitanae pro reformatione patriae designati et stipulent que leur règlement est valable in tota lingua occitaniae."
^ Robèrt LAFONT (1986) "La nominacion indirècta dels païses", Revue des langues romanes nº2, tome XC, pp. 161–171
^ Bodo MÜLLER. "Langue d'Oc, Languedoc, Occitan", in: Verba et Vocabula, Festschrift Ernst Gamillscheg, München 1968, pp. 323-342.
^ "Décret n° 2016-1264 du 28 septembre 2016 portant fixation du nom et du chef-lieu de la région Occitanie - Legifrance". www.legifrance.gouv.fr.
^
Occitanie means all the regions where we speak dialect of the Romance language called "langue d'oc". Occitania will therefore be defined on the map by the linguistic boundaries.
Robert Lafont, Clefs pour l'Occitanie, Seghers, 1971; p. 11
^
Occitania is everywhere where one has, in France, "the accent of the South", to the except for the department of Pyrénées-Orientales, which is Catalan, Corsica and the Basque Country.
The Occitanophones are distributed in about thirty departments located south of a line that goes from the estuary of the Gironde to the Alps. It passes north of Libourne, east of Angouleme, north of Confolens (Charente), Bellac (Haute-Vienne), north of Limoges, between Gueret and Aubusson (Creuse), between Vichy (Allier) and Riom (Puy-de-Dome). In the Saint-Etienne basin, Firminy is grazed on the south by the line that reaches the great Alps by cutting the Dauphiné in two. Grenoble is bordering on Occitania, which begins in La Mure. Finally, from La Mure to Besançon, and from Saint-Étienne to Friborg in Switzerland, there is an intermediate zone between Oc and Oïl; the Franco-Provençal area.
Thus, Occitan is spoken in ten historical provinces: Guyenne, Gascony, County Foix, Béarn, Limousin, Auvergne, Languedoc, Provence, Dauphiné (south) and Nice. We must add the Val d'Aran, in the Spanish Pyrenees, and the Vaud valleys of Piedmont, in the Italian Alps.
— Jean-Pierre Richardot (1929-), Les Bacheliers de Montsêgur, "The World of Education," September 1976
^ {{Quote| It may be thought that 12th century, Occitania was still biting on Saintonge and Poitou. A process of northernization has allowed to read Occitan in transparency of the dialects of this region.} Robert Lafont, "Clefs pour l'Occitanie", Seghers, 1971; p. 13
^ Occitan on the Basque television Jornalet December 2, 2014
^ Okzitanierak bizi duen egoeraz EITB 23 November 2014
^ Las enclavas lingüisticas, language = oc| Sumien Domergue| text = Sumien Domergue, Jornalet, 29.8.2016
^ ^a ^b {{Quote|Thus the great points of the ideal of medieval Occitan civilization were: "paratge" or feelings of equality, religious and racial tolerance, courtly love, Romanesque art and the emergence of class consciousness.|Joan-Pere Pujol, Théorie de l’aliénation et émancipation ethnique. Suivi de: Pour en finir avec le Mammouth, Circle Alfons Mias, 2014, ISBN 1470961687
^ Cite error: The named reference LBET was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference TODD was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ La scripta administrativa en la Navarra medieval en lengua occitana: comentario lingüístico Ricardo Cierbide Martinena, in Zeitschrift für Romanische Philologie (ZrP). Volume 105, Issue 3-4, Pages 276-312, ISSN (online) 1865-9063, ISSN (print) 0049-8661, DOI: 10.1515/zrph.1989.105.3-4.276, November 2009
^ An Occitan scripta in the Kingdom of Navarre in the Middle Ages (13th-16th centuries) (formation and functioning) Louis Grange, 2012
^ Occitan medieval scripta in Euskal Herria (full text) Ricardo Cierbide Martinena Fontes linguae vasconum: Studia et documenta, ISSN 0046-435X, Año n° 25, 62, 1993, pp. 43-60
^ "Le pouvoir royal et la lingua de hoc, alias Occitania" : "It is the irruption of the Capetian power far south of its original domain which causes the manufacture of the name of the countries which it integrates henceforth with this field. We can not call them "County of Toulouse", or "Viscount of Albi, Béziers, Carcassonne", since there are more viscounts since the late Montfort, nor counts after the death of Alphonse in 1271. However, we must find a clear designation, which is done at the end of 13th century. This will be the part of the royal domain where we speak a language that is not that of the other party, there in the north: the Langue d'oc, in latin Occitania. This can include, at random conquests, other areas where the same language is spoken ..."
^ Jean-Pierre JUGE (2001) Petit précis – Chronologie occitane – Histoire & civilisation, p. 19
^ Frederic Mistral, Lou Tresor dóu Felibrige ou Dictionnaire provençal-français embrassant les divers dialectes de la langue d'oc moderne (1878–1886), vol. I, p. 1182: "Le poète Racine écrivait d'Uzès en 1662: «Nous appelons ici «la France» tout le pays qui est au-delà de la Loire. Celui-ci passe comme une province étrangère.»"
^ Joseph Anglade, Grammaire de l'ancien provençal ou ancienne langue d'oc, 1921: La Langue d'Oc est parlée actuellement par douze ou quatorze millions de Français ("Occitan is now spoken by twelve or fourteen million French citizens").
^ Alexander, Harriet (2 November 2009). "Surfing: 10 best places in the world" – via www.telegraph.co.uk.
^ "Montpellier, France: The Oldest Medical School in Europe". MD Magazine.
^ [1]

External links

44°18′00″N 2°52′41″E / 44.3000°N 2.8781°E / 44.3000; 2.8781

[1] Gerrie, Anthea (2012-05-18). "World's most beautiful towns | CNN Travel". Travel.cnn.com.

[2] Regional pronunciations: Occitània = [u(k)siˈtanjɔ, ukʃiˈtanjɔ, u(k)siˈtanja]. Note that the variant Occitania* = [utsitanˈi(j)ɔ] is considered incorrect, since it is influenced by French, according to Alibert's prescriptive grammar (p. viii) and to the prescriptions of the Occitan Language Council (p. 101^{[permanent dead link]}).

[3] When speaking Occitan, Occitania is usually referred to as lo país, i.e. 'the country'.

[4] "The ancient language of the South France, was called, la langue d'oc, from the sound of its affirmative particle. From this circumstance, the country has been called Occitanie, and a specific portion of it, Languedoc. The French have lately formed a new adjective, Occitanique, to comprize all the dialects derived from the ancient tongue." in Sharon Turner, The history of England (during the middle ages), London, Longman, Hurst, &c. 1814. Read on GoogleBooks

[5] Map of the Roman Empire, ca400 AD

[6] Map of the Visigothic Kingdom

[7] Map of the 806 divisio regnorum'. Louis' share in yellow.'

[bernissan-8] Fabrice BERNISSAN (2012). "Combien l'occitan compte de locuteurs en 2012 ?", Revue de Linguistique Romane, 76 (12/2011-07/2012), pp. 467-512

[martel-9] « De fait, le nombre des locuteurs de l’occitan a pu être estimé par l’INED dans un premier temps à 526 000 personnes, puis à 789 000, » ("In fact, the number of occitan speakers was estimated by the French Demographics Institute at 526,000 people, then 789,000") Philippe Martel, "Qui parle occitan ?" in Langues et cité n°10, December 2007.

[10] "World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous People". Archived from the original on 2009-04-29. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[11] Jean-Pierre Juge (2001) Petit précis – Chronologie occitane – Histoire & civilisation, p. 14

[12] Joseph Anglade, Grammaire de l'ancien provençal ou ancienne langue d'oc, 1921, Part I, Chapter 1, p. 9: Le mot Langue d'Oc a d'abord désigné le pays où se parlait cette langue; c'était une expression géographique. Le pays de langue d'oc s'appelait en Latin Occitania (formé sans doute sur Aquitania) ("The words Langue d'Oc first designated the country where the language was spoken: it was a geographical expression. The land of the langue d'oc was called Occitania in Latin (probably coined from Aquitania").

[13] Frederic Mistral, Lo Tresor dóu Felibrige (1878–1886), vol. II, p. 1171: "Les textes abondent qui montrent l'origine française ou ecclésiastique des expressions lingua occitana et Occitania. Le pape Innocent IV (1242–1254), un des premiers parle de Occitania dans ses lettres; les commissaires de Philippe le Bel qui rédigèrent l'arrêt sanè des coûtumes de Toulouse se déclarent Ad partes linguae occitanae pro reformatione patriae designati et stipulent que leur règlement est valable in tota lingua occitaniae."

[14] Robèrt LAFONT (1986) "La nominacion indirècta dels païses", Revue des langues romanes nº2, tome XC, pp. 161–171

[15] Bodo MÜLLER. "Langue d'Oc, Languedoc, Occitan", in: Verba et Vocabula, Festschrift Ernst Gamillscheg, München 1968, pp. 323-342.

[16] "Décret n° 2016-1264 du 28 septembre 2016 portant fixation du nom et du chef-lieu de la région Occitanie - Legifrance". www.legifrance.gouv.fr.

[17] 
Occitanie means all the regions where we speak dialect of the Romance language called "langue d'oc". Occitania will therefore be defined on the map by the linguistic boundaries.
Robert Lafont, Clefs pour l'Occitanie, Seghers, 1971; p. 11

[18] 
Occitania is everywhere where one has, in France, "the accent of the South", to the except for the department of Pyrénées-Orientales, which is Catalan, Corsica and the Basque Country.
The Occitanophones are distributed in about thirty departments located south of a line that goes from the estuary of the Gironde to the Alps. It passes north of Libourne, east of Angouleme, north of Confolens (Charente), Bellac (Haute-Vienne), north of Limoges, between Gueret and Aubusson (Creuse), between Vichy (Allier) and Riom (Puy-de-Dome). In the Saint-Etienne basin, Firminy is grazed on the south by the line that reaches the great Alps by cutting the Dauphiné in two. Grenoble is bordering on Occitania, which begins in La Mure. Finally, from La Mure to Besançon, and from Saint-Étienne to Friborg in Switzerland, there is an intermediate zone between Oc and Oïl; the Franco-Provençal area.
Thus, Occitan is spoken in ten historical provinces: Guyenne, Gascony, County Foix, Béarn, Limousin, Auvergne, Languedoc, Provence, Dauphiné (south) and Nice. We must add the Val d'Aran, in the Spanish Pyrenees, and the Vaud valleys of Piedmont, in the Italian Alps.
— Jean-Pierre Richardot (1929-), Les Bacheliers de Montsêgur, "The World of Education," September 1976

[19] {{Quote| It may be thought that 12th century, Occitania was still biting on Saintonge and Poitou. A process of northernization has allowed to read Occitan in transparency of the dialects of this region.} Robert Lafont, "Clefs pour l'Occitanie", Seghers, 1971; p. 13

[20] Occitan on the Basque television Jornalet December 2, 2014

[21] Okzitanierak bizi duen egoeraz EITB 23 November 2014

[22] Las enclavas lingüisticas, language = oc| Sumien Domergue| text = Sumien Domergue, Jornalet, 29.8.2016

[pujol-23] {{Quote|Thus the great points of the ideal of medieval Occitan civilization were: "paratge" or feelings of equality, religious and racial tolerance, courtly love, Romanesque art and the emergence of class consciousness.|Joan-Pere Pujol, Théorie de l’aliénation et émancipation ethnique. Suivi de: Pour en finir avec le Mammouth, Circle Alfons Mias, 2014, ISBN 1470961687

[LBET-24] Cite error: The named reference LBET was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[TODD-25] Cite error: The named reference TODD was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[26] La scripta administrativa en la Navarra medieval en lengua occitana: comentario lingüístico Ricardo Cierbide Martinena, in Zeitschrift für Romanische Philologie (ZrP). Volume 105, Issue 3-4, Pages 276-312, ISSN (online) 1865-9063, ISSN (print) 0049-8661, DOI: 10.1515/zrph.1989.105.3-4.276, November 2009

[27] An Occitan scripta in the Kingdom of Navarre in the Middle Ages (13th-16th centuries) (formation and functioning) Louis Grange, 2012

[28] Occitan medieval scripta in Euskal Herria (full text) Ricardo Cierbide Martinena Fontes linguae vasconum: Studia et documenta, ISSN 0046-435X, Año n° 25, 62, 1993, pp. 43-60

[29] "Le pouvoir royal et la lingua de hoc, alias Occitania" : "It is the irruption of the Capetian power far south of its original domain which causes the manufacture of the name of the countries which it integrates henceforth with this field. We can not call them "County of Toulouse", or "Viscount of Albi, Béziers, Carcassonne", since there are more viscounts since the late Montfort, nor counts after the death of Alphonse in 1271. However, we must find a clear designation, which is done at the end of 13th century. This will be the part of the royal domain where we speak a language that is not that of the other party, there in the north: the Langue d'oc, in latin Occitania. This can include, at random conquests, other areas where the same language is spoken ..."

[30] Jean-Pierre JUGE (2001) Petit précis – Chronologie occitane – Histoire & civilisation, p. 19

[31] Frederic Mistral, Lou Tresor dóu Felibrige ou Dictionnaire provençal-français embrassant les divers dialectes de la langue d'oc moderne (1878–1886), vol. I, p. 1182: "Le poète Racine écrivait d'Uzès en 1662: «Nous appelons ici «la France» tout le pays qui est au-delà de la Loire. Celui-ci passe comme une province étrangère.»"

[32] Joseph Anglade, Grammaire de l'ancien provençal ou ancienne langue d'oc, 1921: La Langue d'Oc est parlée actuellement par douze ou quatorze millions de Français ("Occitan is now spoken by twelve or fourteen million French citizens").

[33] Alexander, Harriet (2 November 2009). "Surfing: 10 best places in the world" – via www.telegraph.co.uk.

[34] "Montpellier, France: The Oldest Medical School in Europe". MD Magazine.

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@@ Line 109: / Line 109: @@
 On 28 September 2016 [[Occitanie]] became the name of the administrative region that succeeded the regions of [[Midi-Pyrénées]] and [[Languedoc-Roussillon]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/eli/decret/2016/9/28/INTB1617888D/jo|title=Décret n° 2016-1264 du 28 septembre 2016 portant fixation du nom et du chef-lieu de la région Occitanie - Legifrance|website=www.legifrance.gouv.fr}}</ref>
+== Geographic extent ==
+The extent of Occitania may vary according to the criteria used:
+* Based on a geolinguistic definition, Occitania coincides with the current area of Occitan [[Occitan language]]<ref>{{Quote| Occitanie means all the regions where we speak dialect of the Romance language called "langue d'oc". Occitania will therefore be defined on the map by the linguistic boundaries.}} Robert Lafont, ''Clefs pour l'Occitanie'', Seghers, 1971; p. 11</ref><ref>{{Quote|Occitania is everywhere where one has, in France, "the accent of the South", to the except for the department of Pyrénées-Orientales, which is Catalan, Corsica and the Basque Country.
+The Occitanophones are distributed in about thirty departments located south of a line that goes from the estuary of the Gironde to the Alps. It passes north of Libourne, east of Angouleme, north of Confolens (Charente), Bellac (Haute-Vienne), north of Limoges, between Gueret and Aubusson (Creuse), between Vichy (Allier) and Riom (Puy-de-Dome). In the Saint-Etienne basin, Firminy is grazed on the south by the line that reaches the great Alps by cutting the Dauphiné in two. Grenoble is bordering on Occitania, which begins in La Mure. Finally, from La Mure to Besançon, and from Saint-Étienne to Friborg in Switzerland, there is an intermediate zone between Oc and Oïl; the Franco-Provençal area.
+Thus, Occitan is spoken in ten historical provinces: Guyenne, Gascony, County Foix, Béarn, Limousin, Auvergne, Languedoc, Provence, Dauphiné (south) and Nice. We must add the Val d'Aran, in the Spanish Pyrenees, and the Vaud valleys of Piedmont, in the Italian Alps.|Jean-Pierre Richardot (1929-) | ''Les Bacheliers de Montsêgur'', "The World of Education," September 1976}}</ref>. The formerly Occitanophone regions are not included<ref>{{Quote| It may be thought that 12th century, Occitania was still biting on Saintonge and Poitou. A process of northernization has allowed to read Occitan in transparency of the dialects of this region.} Robert Lafont, "Clefs pour l'Occitanie", Seghers, 1971; p. 13</ref>, on the other hand one always speaks Occitan in the [[French Basque Country]]<ref>[http://www.jornalet.com/nova/4378/loccitan-a-lonor-dins-la-television-basca Occitan on the Basque television] [[Jornalet]] December 2, 2014 </ref><ref>[http://www.eitb.tv/eu/bideoa/tribuaren-berbak-tribuaren-berbak-2014-2015/4104751617001/4088429546001/okzitanierak-bizi-duen-egoeraz/ Okzitanierak bizi duen egoeraz] [[EITB]] 23 November 2014</ref> and in the [[Països Catalans]] (the [[Val d'Aran]] and the [[Fenouillèdes|Fenolheda]]), and internal allophone enclaves (Petite Gavacharie of [[Poitevin-Saintongeais]] language, ancient [[Ligurian (Romance language)|Ligurian]]enclaves of eastern Provence, the quasi-Ligurian-Occitan enclave of Monaco ...); either taking into account the mass of lands where Occitan is spoken, without taking into account small internal or external enclaves<ref> [http://opinion.jornalet.com/lenga/blog/1943/las-enclavas-linguisticas Las enclavas lingüisticas], language = oc| Sumien Domergue| text = Sumien Domergue, [[Jornalet]], 29.8.2016</ref>. This last definition of a contiguous and compact territory is currently the most widespread.
+* Occitania was first defined in relation to its [[civilization]], even before its language<ref name = pujol/>. It gave rise in Europe to the [[troubadour|troubadour movement]], the idea of equality in human rights, racial and religious tolerance and a [[Courtly love|new culture of love]] which allowed the first moral and social promotion of women<ref name = pujol>{{Quote|Thus the great points of the ideal of medieval Occitan civilization were: "paratge" or feelings of equality, religious and racial tolerance, courtly love, Romanesque art and the emergence of class consciousness.|Joan-Pere Pujol, ''Théorie de l’aliénation et émancipation ethnique. Suivi de: Pour en finir avec le Mammouth'', Circle Alfons Mias, 2014, {{ISBN|1470961687}}</ref>. According to this definition taken up by historians and anthropologists<ref name = LBET />, the domain is extended north to the Loire including [[Occitan|former Occitanophone regions]]<ref name = "TODD "/> ([[Aguiaine]], [[Boischaut]], [[Bourbonnais]], etc.). The [[Padania|North of Italy]] and the [[Catalan Countries|Països Catalans]] were also homes of [[troubadour]] using the [[Koiné language|Koiné]] Occitan literary. In the same way, the [[Basque Country (greater region)|Basque Country]] and [[Kingdom of Aragon|Aragon]] benefited from [[Occitans|Occitan stands]], old or newer, which notably gave rise to the appearance of a [[Cispyrene Occitan|Occitan dialect south of the Pyrenees]]. We can also note the historical use of a Occitan scripta as official language<ref>[http://www.degruyter.com/dg/viewarticle/j$002fzrph.1989.105.issue-3-4$002fzrph.1989.105.3-4.276$002fzrph.1989.105.3-4.276.xml La scripta administrativa en la Navarra medieval en lengua occitana: comentario lingüístico] [[Ricardo Cierbide Martinena]], in Zeitschrift für Romanische Philologie (ZrP). Volume 105, Issue 3-4, Pages 276-312, ISSN (online) 1865-9063, ISSN (print) 0049-8661, DOI: 10.1515/zrph.1989.105.3-4.276, November 2009</ref><ref>[http://www.opengrey.eu/item/display/10068/894206 An Occitan scripta in the Kingdom of Navarre in the Middle Ages (13th-16th centuries) (formation and functioning)] Louis Grange, 2012</ref><ref> [http://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/26117.pdf Occitan medieval scripta in Euskal Herria (full text)] [[Ricardo Cierbide Martinena]] Fontes linguae vasconum: Studia et documenta, ISSN 0046-435X, Año n° 25, 62, 1993, pp. 43-60</ref>.
+The name '''Occitanie''' appeared in the Middle Ages on the basis of a geographical, linguistic and cultural concept, to designate the part of the French royal domain speaking the langue d’oc <ref> [http://www.univ-montp3.fr/uoh/occitan/une_histoire/co/module_occitan_histoire_19.html "Le pouvoir royal et la lingua de hoc, alias Occitania"] : "It is the irruption of the Capetian power far south of its original domain which causes the manufacture of the name of the countries which it integrates henceforth with this field. We can not call them "County of Toulouse", or "Viscount of Albi, Béziers, Carcassonne", since there are more viscounts since the late Montfort, nor counts after the death of Alphonse in 1271. However, we must find a clear designation, which is done at the end of 13th century. This will be the part of the royal domain where we speak a language that is not that of the other party, there in the north: the Langue d'oc, in latin Occitania. This can include, at random conquests, other areas where the same language is spoken ..."</ref>.
 ==Geography==

Occitania: Difference between revisions

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Occitania: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 17:13, 26 December 2017

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