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The provisional name of the region was withdrawn on 30 September 2016, when the new name of the region took effect.<ref name="Decree confirming new region name"/>
The provisional name of the region was withdrawn on 30 September 2016, when the new name of the region took effect.<ref name="Decree confirming new region name"/>

⚫
[[Image:Languedoc-Roussillon-Midi-Pyrénées et provinces.svg|thumb|center|upright=2|Map of the new region with its thirteen {{lang|fr|départements}}, colored according to the [[provinces of France|historical provinces]] as they existed until [[French Revolution|1790]].
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{{div col|2}}
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{{legend|#e1c44a|{{lang|fr|[[Languedoc]]}} }}
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{{legend|#84b7ca|{{lang|fr|[[Guyenne]]}} and [[Gascony]]}}
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{{legend|#efb3c7|[[County of Foix|County of {{lang|fr|Foix|nocat=y}}]] }}
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{{legend|#a3d283|{{lang|fr|[[Roussillon]]}} }}
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{{div col end}}]]


==Departments==
==Departments==
Line 204: Line 196:
* {{lang|fr|[[Béziers]]}} (74,811)
* {{lang|fr|[[Béziers]]}} (74,811)
* {{lang|fr|[[Montauban]]}} (57,921)
* {{lang|fr|[[Montauban]]}} (57,921)

== Culture ==

=== Historical identity ===
{|
! [[File:Départements régions français dans Occitanie historique.svg|thumb|542x542px|The Occitanie region within [[Occitanie (cultural region)|Occitan space]] (red line)|]]
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! [[Image:Languedoc-Roussillon-Midi-Pyrénées et provinces.svg|thumb|center|upright=2|Map of the new region with its thirteen {{lang|fr|départements}}, colored according to the [[provinces of France|historical provinces]] as they existed until [[French Revolution|1790]].
⚫
{{div col|2}}
⚫
{{legend|#e1c44a|{{lang|fr|[[Languedoc]]}} }}
⚫
{{legend|#84b7ca|{{lang|fr|[[Guyenne]]}} and [[Gascony]]}}
⚫
{{legend|#efb3c7|[[County of Foix|County of {{lang|fr|Foix|nocat=y}}]] }}
⚫
{{legend|#a3d283|{{lang|fr|[[Roussillon]]}} }}
⚫
{{div col end}}]]
|}
This new administrative region includes provinces and territories that have diverse cultural and historical origins, particularly in the 18th centuries: the [[Languedoc]] (High and Low Languedoc), [[Països Catalans]] ([[Roussillon]], [[Cerdanya]], [[Vallespir]], [[Conflent]], [[Capcir]]), the [[County of Foix]], and the eastern parts of ancients [[Gascony]] ([[Armagnac (province)|Armagnac]], [[Comminges]], [[Couserans]], [[County of Bigorre|Bigorre]], [[Condomois]], [[Nébouzan]], [[Rivière-Verdun]]) and [[Guyenne|Guiana]] ([[Quercy|Carcin]], [[Rouergue|Roergue]]). During the [[Ancien Régime]], however, most of them belonged to the [[Parliament of Toulouse]] founded in 1443.

On the cultural level, this new region is of [[Latin Europe|Latin tradition]] ([[Occitan culture|Occitan]] and [[Catalan culture|Catalan cultures]]), most of which are connected to [[Occitanie]], with the exception of most of the department [[Pyrénées-Orientales]] related to [[Països Catalans]].

==== Occitanie ====
The [[Occitanie (cultural region)|Occitanie]]<ref>[http://www.agen.fr/definition-occitanie "Définition de l’Occitanie"], website of the town of [[Agen]].</ref>(''Occitània''<ref>''Occitània'' with a grave accent on ''à'' according to the [[Classical standard of Occitan|classical norm]]. The variant '' Occitania * '' {{incise | without accent}} is considered incorrect See the [[Gramatica occitana segon los parlars lengadocians|normative grammar of Alibert]] (p. Viii) and the recommendations of the [[Conselh de la Lenga Occitana]] ([http://www.revistadoc.org/file/Linguistica%20occitana%206%20CLO.pdf p. 101]).</ref> or ''Óucitanìo''<ref> Writing according to [[mistralian norm| mistralian graph]].</ref> in [[Occitan]]) is a [[historical region]]<ref name = "TODD">{{book cite
| language = en
| author = Malcom Todd
| title = The Early Germans
| subtitle = The peoples of Europe
| publisher = Blackwell Publishing
| place = [[Oxford]]
| year = 2004 (second edition revised and expanded)
| volume =
| total pages = 266 pages
| passage = 139 to 171; Chapter 7: ''The Gothics kingdoms''
| isbn = 978-1-4051-1714-2
| id =
}}</ref><ref name = "ZIM">{{Book cite | language = FR | author = Michel Zimmermann | title = Southern societies around the year 1000, directory of sources and documents commented | place = Paris | publisher = CNRS éditions | year = 1992 | total pages = 477 | isbn = 2222047153| passage = | director = Michel Zimmermann}}</ref><ref>{{Book cite | language = EN | author = Collective directed by André Armengaud and Robert Lafont | title = History of Occitanie - by a team of historians | place= Paris | publisher = Hachette | year = 1979 | total pages = 949 | isbn = 2010060393 | director = ARMENGAUD André and LAFONT Robert}}</ref> of southwestern [[Europe]] where Occitan was the main [[vernacular language]]. This territory was already united in Roman times under the name of [[Septem Provinciae|Viennese]] and then "Seven Provinces" (Latin: Septem Provinciæ<ref>[/media/wikipedia/commons/0/04/The_Roman_Empire_ca_400_AD.png Map of the Roman Empire circa 400 CE]</ref> and the Aquitaine at the beginning of the [[Middle Age]]<ref>Julien Bellarbre, [https://ifha.revues.org/8049 The Aquitaine nation in the monastic historiography of the South of the Loire (8th-12th centuries)"], "Journal of the French Institute of History in Germany'' [Online], 6 | 2014, posted on December 31, 2014.</ref> (Aquitanica, Visigoth kingdom of Toulouse<ref>[/media/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Royaume_Wisigoths_2.png Map of the Visigoth Kingdom]</ref>), before the Frankish conquest. Occitania is characterized by "the Occitan culture" which represents since the Middle Ages the second side of the Romance culture in [[France]] and to a lesser extent in [[Italy]], in [[Spain]] and in [[Monaco]]<ref>Pierre Bec, ''The Occitan Language'', Publisher Presses universitaires de France, Paris, 1986, pp. 3.</ref>. It is presented and recognized on institutional sites of French communities, such as those of the [[Lot-et-Garonne County Council]]<ref>[http://www.lotetgaronne.fr/fr/le-lot-et-garonne/occitanie.html "Occitanie"], site of the Lot et Garonne County Council [without hyphen]</ref> or the city of [[Agen]]<ref>[http://www.agen.fr/definition-occitanie "Definition of Occitanie"], site of the City of Agen</ref>.

===== Languedoc =====
[[File:Blason Languedoc.svg|thumb|right|200px|The blazon of the counts of Toulouse and Languedoc: the [[Occitan cross]] gold on the bottom of mouth.]]
The territory of what is progressively called [[Languedoc]] (region where we speak [[Occitan|langue d'oc]], in [[Occitan]] ''Lengadòc'', {{IPA-oc|.leŋgo̞ðɔ}}) is largely attached to the [[Kingdom of France]] in the 13th century after the [[Albigensian Crusade]] (1208 - 1229) which aims to put an end to what is called by the Church "[[Catharism|Catharine heroism]]" and which especially allowed the [[Capetian dynasty]] to extend their influence to the south of the Loire]]. The former principalities of [[Trencavel]] ([[Viscount of [[Albi]], [[Carcassonne|Carcassona]], [[Béziers|Besièrs]], [[Agde]] and [[Nîmes|Nimes]] are thus integrated into the [[Crown lands of France|Royal French Domain]]) in 1224 and [[Counts of Toulouse]] in 1271. The last feudal enclaves will gradually be absorbed in turn in a movement which continues until the beginning of the 16th century, with the [[County of Gévaudan]] in 1258, the [[County of Melgueil]] ([[Mauguio|Mauguiò]]) in 1293, the [[Lordship of Montpellier]] in 1349 and the [[Viscounts of Narbonne]] in 1507.

The territory falling within the jurisdiction of [[Estates of Languedoc]] (convened for the first time in 1346) then gradually reduced to what is called during the [[Ancien Régime]] the [[Provinces of France|province of Languedoc]].


==See also==
==See also==

Revision as of 17:44, 21 December 2017

For the historical region of Southern Europe, see Occitania.

Template:Infobox French region Occitanie (French: [ɔksitani] ⓘ; Occitan: Occitània [utsi'tanjɔ], Catalan: Occitània [uksi'tanjə]) is an administrative region of France that was created on 1 January 2016 from former French regions Languedoc-Roussillon and Midi-Pyrénées. France's Conseil d'État approved Occitanie as the new name of the region on 28 September 2016, effective 30 September 2016.[1]

The modern administrative region is named after the cultural and historical region of Occitania, which covers a larger area. The modern administrative area covers a similar area to that ruled by the Counts of Toulouse in the 12th and 13th Centuries. The banner of arms of those counts, known colloquially as the Occitan cross, is used by the modern region and is also a popular cultural symbol.

The new region covers an area of more than 72,724 km2 (28,079 sq mi) with a population of 5,626,858.[2]

The historic cultural area of Occitania
The County of Toulouse in 1154 (shown in blue)

Toponymy

As the provisional name of the new region, the text of the law specified the hyphenated names of the region's predecessors, Languedoc-Roussillon and Midi-Pyrénées, in alphabetical order. As for most of the merged regions, a permanent name was proposed by the new regional council;.[3][4][5] The new name, Occitanie, comes from the historical name of the broader region, which refers to the historic use of the Occitan language and its various dialects in the region, named for the use of the word òc as the equivalent of "yes."

Enacted in 2014, the territorial reform of the regions has been subject to debate for many years.[6] On 24 June 2016, the regional assembly of Languedoc-Roussillon-Midi-Pyrénées adopted Occitanie after a lengthy public consultation, which corresponds to the name of the linguistic region that included most of the new region's territory.[7]

The regional assembly resolution inflamed the about 450,000 French Catalans (or Catalans of the North, as most of them call themselves), living in the region, and which regarded the new name as erasing their presence from the map.[8] On 10 September 2016, about 10,000 people (7,800 according to police) demonstrated at Perpignan, demanding that the merged region name contained the words "Pays catalan" (Catalan land).[9] Catalans are less than one-tenth of the population of the enlarged region, giving grim expectations about full recognition of the Catalan culture.

The provisional name of the region was withdrawn on 30 September 2016, when the new name of the region took effect.[1]

Departments

Code Arms 1 Department Prefecture Named after Population (2013)
09 Coat of arms of department 09 Ariège Foix Ariège (river) 152,684
11 Coat of arms of department 11 Aude Carcassonne Aude (river) 364,877
12 Coat of arms of department 12 Aveyron Rodez Aveyron (river) 277,740
30 Coat of arms of department 30 Gard Nîmes Gardon (river) 733,201
31 Coat of arms of department 31 Haute-Garonne Toulouse Garonne (river) 1,298,562
32 Coat of arms of department 32 Gers Auch Gers (river) 190,276
34 Coat of arms of department 34 Hérault Montpellier Hérault (river) 1,092,331
46 Coat of arms of department 46 Lot Cahors Lot (river) 173,758
48 Coat of arms of department 48 Lozère Mende Mont Lozère 76,607
65 Coat of arms of department 65 Hautes-Pyrénées Tarbes Pyrenees 228,868
66 Coat of arms of department 66 Pyrénées-Orientales Perpignan Pyrenees 462,705
81 Coat of arms of department 81 Tarn Albi Tarn (river) 381,927
82 Coat of arms of department 82 Tarn-et-Garonne Montauban Tarn and Garonne rivers 250,342

Major communities

Culture

Historical identity
Map of the new region with its thirteen départements, colored according to the historical provinces as they existed until 1790.
  Languedoc
  Guyenne and Gascony
  County of Foix
  Roussillon

This new administrative region includes provinces and territories that have diverse cultural and historical origins, particularly in the 18th centuries: the Languedoc (High and Low Languedoc), Països Catalans (Roussillon, Cerdanya, Vallespir, Conflent, Capcir), the County of Foix, and the eastern parts of ancients Gascony (Armagnac, Comminges, Couserans, Bigorre, Condomois, Nébouzan, Rivière-Verdun) and Guiana (Carcin, Roergue). During the Ancien Régime, however, most of them belonged to the Parliament of Toulouse founded in 1443.

On the cultural level, this new region is of Latin tradition (Occitan and Catalan cultures), most of which are connected to Occitanie, with the exception of most of the department Pyrénées-Orientales related to Països Catalans.

Occitanie

The Occitanie[10](Occitània[11] or Óucitanìo[12] in Occitan) is a historical region[13][14][15] of southwestern Europe where Occitan was the main vernacular language. This territory was already united in Roman times under the name of Viennese and then "Seven Provinces" (Latin: Septem Provinciæ[16] and the Aquitaine at the beginning of the Middle Age[17] (Aquitanica, Visigoth kingdom of Toulouse[18]), before the Frankish conquest. Occitania is characterized by "the Occitan culture" which represents since the Middle Ages the second side of the Romance culture in France and to a lesser extent in Italy, in Spain and in Monaco[19]. It is presented and recognized on institutional sites of French communities, such as those of the Lot-et-Garonne County Council[20] or the city of Agen[21].

Languedoc
The blazon of the counts of Toulouse and Languedoc: the Occitan cross gold on the bottom of mouth.

The territory of what is progressively called Languedoc (region where we speak langue d'oc, in Occitan Lengadòc, Occitan pronunciation: [.leŋgo̞ðɔ]) is largely attached to the Kingdom of France in the 13th century after the Albigensian Crusade (1208 - 1229) which aims to put an end to what is called by the Church "Catharine heroism" and which especially allowed the Capetian dynasty to extend their influence to the south of the Loire]]. The former principalities of Trencavel ([[Viscount of Albi, Carcassona, Besièrs, Agde and Nimes are thus integrated into the Royal French Domain) in 1224 and Counts of Toulouse in 1271. The last feudal enclaves will gradually be absorbed in turn in a movement which continues until the beginning of the 16th century, with the County of Gévaudan in 1258, the County of Melgueil (Mauguiò) in 1293, the Lordship of Montpellier in 1349 and the Viscounts of Narbonne in 1507.

The territory falling within the jurisdiction of Estates of Languedoc (convened for the first time in 1346) then gradually reduced to what is called during the Ancien Régime the province of Languedoc.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Décret n° 2016-1264 du 28 septembre 2016 portant fixation du nom et du chef-lieu de la région Occitanie (in French)
  2. ^ "Populations légales 2012 des régions". Insee. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
  3. ^ "Nom Région LRMP : Quelques jours pour Se mobiliser, des décennies pour durer". Le Blog De L’occitan / Lo Blòg Occitan. France 3. 2016-05-14. Retrieved 2016-08-10.
  4. ^ "Nom Région LRMP : Occitanie c'est validé, Carole Delga s'occupe des Catalans". Le Blog Politique. France 3. 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2016-08-10.
  5. ^ Loi n° 2015-29 du 16 janvier 2015 Relative à la délimitation des régions, aux élections régionales et départementales et modifiant le calendrier électoral (in fr)
  6. ^ "Résultats élections Régionales 2015". Le Monde (in French). Agence France-Presse. 14 December 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
  7. ^ "Le nom de ma région : Occitanie - La nouvelle Région - Région Occitanie / Pyrénées-Méditerranée". Regionlrmp.fr. Retrieved 2016-08-10.
  8. ^ Minder, Raphael (8 September 2016). "'Don't Erase Us': French Catalans Fear Losing More Than a Region's Name". www.nytimes.com. The New York Times Company. Archived from the original on 8 February 2017. Retrieved 6 November 2017. We are the Catalans of the North and we want to continue to exist as such. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ "Thousands hold pro Catalan rally in southern France". www.yahoo.com. 10 September 2016. Archived from the original on 11 September 2016. Retrieved 6 November 2017. Organisers said as many as 10,000 people gathered -- police put the figure at some 7,800 people -- to demand their newly-merged region contain the words "Pays catalan" (Catalan land). {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ "Définition de l’Occitanie", website of the town of Agen.
  11. ^ Occitània with a grave accent on à according to the classical norm. The variant Occitania * Template:Incise is considered incorrect See the normative grammar of Alibert (p. Viii) and the recommendations of the Conselh de la Lenga Occitana (p. 101).
  12. ^ Writing according to mistralian graph.
  13. ^ Malcom Todd (2004 (second edition revised and expanded)). The Early Germans. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-1714-2. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |year= (help); Unknown parameter |passage= ignored (|pages= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |subtitle= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |total pages= ignored (help)
  14. ^ Michel Zimmermann (1992). Southern societies around the year 1000, directory of sources and documents commented (in French). Paris: CNRS éditions. ISBN 2222047153. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |passage= (help); Unknown parameter |director= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |total pages= ignored (help)
  15. ^ Collective directed by André Armengaud and Robert Lafont (1979). History of Occitanie - by a team of historians. Paris: Hachette. ISBN 2010060393. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |director= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |total pages= ignored (help)
  16. ^ Map of the Roman Empire circa 400 CE
  17. ^ Julien Bellarbre, The Aquitaine nation in the monastic historiography of the South of the Loire (8th-12th centuries)", "Journal of the French Institute of History in Germany [Online], 6 | 2014, posted on December 31, 2014.
  18. ^ Map of the Visigoth Kingdom
  19. ^ Pierre Bec, The Occitan Language, Publisher Presses universitaires de France, Paris, 1986, pp. 3.
  20. ^ "Occitanie", site of the Lot et Garonne County Council [without hyphen]
  21. ^ "Definition of Occitanie", site of the City of Agen
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Occitania (administrative region).
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