Muslim Walls of Madrid: Difference between revisions

Overview of the remains preserved on Cuesta de la Vega, near the crypt of the La Almudena Cathedral.

The Muslim Walls of Madrid, known as Arab Walls of Madrid and some vestiges remain, is located in the Spanish city of Madrid and it is probably the oldest building on foot in the city. It was built in the 9th century, during the Muslim domination of the Iberian Peninsula, on a promontory next to Manzanares river. It was part of a fortress around which it developed the urban nucleus of Madrid. It was declared Artistic-Historic Monument in 1954.

The remains of utmost importance, with a more archaeological than artistic interest, are in the Cuesta de la Vega, next to the crypt of the Almudena Cathedral. Have been built in the park of Mohamed I, named in reference to Muhammad I of Córdoba, considered the founder of the city.

In the Calle Mayor, in the number 83, next to Viaduct that saves the Calle de Segovia, are still standing the ruins of the Tower of Narigües, which probably it would have been a albarrana tower, with a separate location of the wall itself, but connected thereto through a wall. Its function was to serve as knoll.

In the 20th century, some remains were destroyed. The rests existing to the number 12 of the Calle de Bailén were lost with the construction of an apartment block, although some walls were integrated into the building structure, as its bottom. The remodeling of the Plaza de Oriente, completed in 1996 during the term of José María Álvarez del Manzano, meant the discovery and subsequent disappearance of numerous remains. Is not the case of the watchtower known as Tower de los Huesos, whose base is on display in the underground car park of the same plaza.

Between 1999 and 2000 was uncovered another section, about 70 m long, under the Plaza de la Armería, formed by the main facades of Royal Palace and Almudena Cathedral. It was excavated during the construction works of the Museum of Royal Collections (unfinished) and may correspond to the Puerta de la Sagra, one of the gates to the walled enclosure.

Historical Context

Walled enclosures in Al-Andalus

Detail drawing by Anton van den Wyngaerde in 1562, where seen the Muslim Walls of Madrid, from the disappeared Alcázar to the left, until the gate Puerta de la Vega, to the right.

When studying the Muslim urbanism it is necessary in the first instance to avoid a number of very usual platitudes on the subject. First, far from what is usually said to compare the Muslim with the Christian cities, the firsts is not a cluster of buildings without any order. On the contrary, because, as Torres Balbás says, "The islamization was a uniform urban mold, result of a way of life." For example, the finding of winding streets responds to a context in which the defense is a fundamental necessity.

With respect to the Walls, it fulfills several functions. The Muslim cities have as core a medina, which were, among other buildings, the main mosque, the hammam, and it is surrounded by a wall, is deducted the defensive, symbolic and administrative function that follows the walled enclosure. In Madrid occur the same, and the Walls was called to protect the fundamental area of ​​the city -not only abroad, but also of potential internal revolts from the suburbs (also possibly walled)-, to through the Walls a differentiation of spaces, to thanks to the gates -three in this case- it could do a tax control.

Thus, the city was divided between medina or center of religious and commercial life, and rabad, the "populous neighborhoods outside the walls". From a planning point of view, the Walls condition the urbanism through its gates and its path: its gates because through of it would run the streets of greater affluence and its layout because the neighborhoods would range around it.

In this section could also talk about the different proposals when lifting a Walls, from the materials used to model to suit the terrain. However, there many models as cases.

The Medieval Madrid

Drawing of the Royal Alcázar of Madrid of J. Cornelius Vermeyenen, made around 1534-1535. On the left side is observed part of the Muslim Walls, in the 16th century, had a visible state of deterioration.

The construction of this Walls is directly linked to the origin of Madrid. It was ordered built by the Córdoban emir Muhammad I (852 - 886) on an unspecified date between the years 860 and 880, according to a text of al-Himyari. It was in an area not chosen by chance. It was a wide cultivated valley and easy access to water reserves It defended the almudaina or Muslim citadel of Mayrit (first name of the city), located on the site currently occupied by the Royal Palace.

According to Muslim chroniclers of the time, the Walls had a great quality in its built and its supplies. The historian Jerónimo de Quintana echoed these accounts in the following text of the 17th century "very strong of masonry and mortar, raised and thick, twelve feet [almost three and half meters] in width, with large cubes, towers gatehouses and moats".

The fortified complex had as mission to monitor the river path of the Manzanares, which connected the steps of the Sierra de Guadarrama with Toledo, threatened by the incursions of the Christian kingdoms of north peninsular. It was governed as a ribat or community religious and military at the same time.

The Walls of Mayrit was integrated within a complex defensive system, which extended through different parts of Community of Madrid. These include that of Talamanca de Jarama, that of Qal'-at'-Abd-Al-Salam (Alcalá de Henares) and that of Qal'-at-Jalifa (Villaviciosa de Odón). However, do not think Mayrit as a core of large entity, but as one of many that had -so is it that sometimes is difficult to find references to the city in the chronicles-.

In the 10th century the caliph of Córdoba Abd-ar-Rahman III ordered to reinforce the Walls, after suffering several situations of danger, as Christian advance of the King Ramiro II of León in 932. In the year 977, Almanzor chose the fortress of Mayrit as the origin point of his military campaign.

With the Christian conquest of Mayrit in the 9th century, the primitive walled area was expanded, rising one of wider perimeter, known as Christian Walls of Madrid. Thus, the Madrilenian core not lose its defensive function at any time.

The image of Saint Mary the Royal of la Almudena, formerly called Saint Mary la Mayor, was found in 1085 (three centuries after the Christians it hide of Muslims) in the conquest of the city by King Alfonso VI of León and Castile, in one of the hubs of the Walls, near the gate Puerta de la Vega, and placed in the old mosque, for its worship and devotion for the Court and the people of Madrid.

Features

General Information

Another view of the remains in the park of Mohamed I.

The Muslim Walls of Madrid protected a fortified complex, which highlighted three main buildings. The alcázar, the mosque and the house of the emir or governor

Started directly from the alcázar, from its southern part, with the other three sides of the building uncovered, because the rough terrain was not necessary a greater fortification of it. To the west, the cliffs located on the plain of Manzanares river constituted a natural defense of the alcázar; similar function fulfilled the ravines and gorges of the brook del Arenal, to the north and to the east.

Its total length was about 980 meters and enclosed an area of ​​about four hectares. It had a outside moat only in its eastern section, the one where the ground had an elevation even higher than that of the Walls itself.

Around the Walls, there were several independent watchtowers, but only have a historical record of the Tower de los Huesos, named that for its proximity to a cemetery. This was built in the 11th century before the conquest of Madrid by the king Alfonso VI of León and Castile and integrated into the Christian Walls as albarrana tower.

Outside the Walls, there were different public land dedicated to leisure and equestrian games (almusara), plus an Muslim neighborhood or medina and a Christian suburb or mozarabs.

Gates

Detail of the gate Puerta de la Vega, in the plan of Pedro Teixeira, of 1656.

The Walls has three gates, of direct access and without bend:

• The Puerta de la Vega, located in the current Cuesta de la Vega, connected the military compound with the plains of Manzanares river and the ways of Castile and Extremadura. It could be located on the site now occupied by foreign niche of the Virgin of la Almudena, next to the crypt of the eponymous cathedral;
• The Puerta de la Mezquita or Arco de Santa María led to the civil core developed outside the fortress, through the current Calle Mayor;
• The Puerta de la Sagra, or de la Xagra, or del Campo would end up in the gardens, by the current Calle de Bailén, in semicorner with Plaza de Oriente.

From an archaeological perspective, the Puerta de la Vega is that more data offers, thus existing references as data extrapolated from the excavations. Has documented the foundations of one of the buckets that flank, in origin, this gate. The dimensions of the access, according to data from the excavations, would be 4.5 and 3.5 meters. Typologically is a narrow gate, between two towers and a poorly developed. After the archaeological activities have been preserved only the foundation, but these are outside of its original position.

Towers

The wall was organized in different towers, quadrangular -of between 3.3 and 2.4 meters wide, according to the tower- and with paw at the base, with an arrangement slightly protruding with respect to the main wall. It happened approximately every 20 meters. His canvases combined stonework of flint and limestone.

Despite the measures, currently just highlight respect to the wall in which its are framed. In the section that must necessarily serve as a guide for being the best preserved, that of Park Mohamed I, has about twenty meters apart tower and tower, housing a total of six -the fact is that lack one, but is proven its base-. The towers serve to confirm once again that this constitutes an enclosure of Islamic court. This follows by the shape of the towers, as usually the Christian come with a semicircular shape, clearly far from those seen in the park Muhamed I.

Visible fragments

Park Mohamed I

Remains of the Muslim Walls of Madrid, in the Cuesta de la Vega, integrated within the Park of Mohamed I.

This is the most important fragment, both in retained as in available when visiting. The excavations carried out there in 1972-1975 and 1985 onwards have been supplemented by the demolition of a 19th-century building that sat on the canvas itself, and threw a lot of data. This came two years after of 1985, which also represented a restoration and enhancement of the section of the wall.

Has in view approximately 120 meters length. This part of the Walls has been preserved for being used as load-bearing wall in buildings of modern times, who after its demolition have allowed to surface. However, the fact that it has been used as a foundation should not overlook, because all the Walls could have had such a fate. Apparently, many sections of the Walls were rebuilt and remodeled, and others may have suffered more in the course of history.

It is a canvas of a width around 2.6 meters, which is quite consistent if put in relation to the size of the towers that are around it. There are two exterior walls that have inside masonry to mode of core. The masonry it is linked with lime mortar. It is interesting that all materials that make the canvas belonging to relatively close to the city areas, which reaffirms once again the interesting geostrategic role of the rise in that emerge the Islamic city.

Deepening in the two facing walls, its bottoms are formed by large blocks of flint, cut only on its outer face and slightly trimmed -but not modeling- inside. From there rise ashlars of limestone, providing a new finding that the track is of al-Andalusian origin, because the materials follow the style of Cordoban rigging, which is a constant in the centuries in which life unfolds in Madrid. The Córdoban rigging is a ashlar to rope -the longest part of it abroad - and two or three blight - the short side visible-. This is difficult to appreciate along the canvas, because the passage of time. In fact, it is possible that the Walls was remodeled in the 10th century after a siege of Ramiro II of León, but never possible that was rebuilt.

Finding on foot of wall the Córdoban rigging may be difficult, because when it put in value in the late 1980s was applied a render in white, if it was on track to hide some patches implanted in the wall during its time as load-bearing wall also hid some details. On the other hand, the small arch that can be seen capping could be a sort of drain without interest, which follows the documentation of modern times, which marks the passage of a small stream by that area. To try to provide a more historical perspective was recreated a small slope to try to rebuild the period atmosphere, as transformed by the growth of Madrid.

Calle Bailén 12

The calle Bailén n.º 12 is a building founded on remnants of the Walls. This was built in 1970s,, and though by then it already was an Artistic Historical Monument, two sections of the Walls and a tower were destroyed -one to make ste to the building, and other to give way to its tenants-.

The building, however, retains some vestiges of the canvas in a very bad state, because at present are part of their private garage. These are remains very similar to those of Park Muhamed I, because it is an extension of the same.

The incomprehensible destruction was accompanied by some documentation work, and today is known to have a width of 2.5 meters -a little narrower than the portion that has already been seen- and offered a possibility that can not usually be: the dissection of the wall. The data regarding the core of lime mortar masonry are given by this construction.

Construction of Museum of Royal Collections (2008), where it have found remains of the Muslim Walls.

Future Museum of Royal Collections

There is another large section of the Arab walls found in the late-1990s, directly opposite the Almudena Cathedral. These remains have surfaced as part of the works of the future Museum of Royal Collections. As an area in which it is impossible to make any kind of archaeological tasting, the specialist Alain Kermovan traced the route through radioelectric detectors, without lifting the pavement.

Are two canvases from the Islamic period, which between them account for about 70 meters. The materials used are the same, and construction techniques, but not the thickness: this exceeds, on average, the 3.2 meters, being slightly wider than previously seen. Here it has been able to verify the height, ranging around 7 meters, although this is found only in a section, because the other is destroyed completely.

Archaeological excavations

Until 1985, the archaeological excavations in the city of Madrid only had by protagonists visible elements such as fortified enclosures or churches. That, for the study of the Muslim Walls, is that since the first excavations of the late 18th century and the beginning of 19th century have been carrying out archaeological works.

In the 20th century, there are some advances over the wall. The Instituto Arqueológico de Madrid, in the sixties and seventies, performs some tasks aimed at protecting the first and second enclosure, since both had been declared "monuments" in the fifties. Thus, were carried out archaeological campaigns in some areas as the Cuesta de la Vega -between 1972 and 1975- or the Calle Mayor.

The lack of visible remains playing against the excavations in finding activities related to the Muslim walled. Since 1985 it has been excavated on the Cuesta de la Vega, placing on value the most important section of this enclosure setting the park called Muhamed I, in honor of the founder of the city.

Bibliography

• BIDAGOS, P., CERVERA, L., CHUECA, F., GARCÍA Y BELLIDO, A. and TORRES BALBÁS, L., Resumen histórico del urbanismo en España, 2nd Edition, Madrid: Instituto de Estudios de Administración Local, 1968, pp. 67–97.
• CÁMARA MUÑOZ, A. and GUTIERREZ MARCOS, J., Castillos, fortificaciones y recintos amurallados de la Comunidad de Madrid, 1st Edición, Madrid: Consejería de Educación y Cultura de la Comunidad de Madrid, 1993, pp. 170–181.
• DE TERÁN, F., Madrid, 2nd Edición, Madrid: Publisher Mapfre, 1993, pp. 117–140.
• FERNÁNDEZ UGALDE, A., MARÍN PERELLÓN, F. J., MENA MUÑOZ, P. and SERRANO HERRERO, E., Las murallas de Madrid. Arqueología medieval urbana, 1st Edition, Madrid: Comunidad de Madrid, Dirección General de Patrimonio Cultural, 1998.
• GARCÍA ESCALONA, E., «Madrid medieval actual», en DE MIGUEL RODRÍGUEZ, J. C., El Madrid medieval. Sus tierras y sus hombres, 1st Edition, Madrid: Al-Mudayna, 1990, pp. 239–251.
• MENA MUÑOZ, P. y NOGUERAS MONTEAGUDO, M. E., «Excavaciones urbanas anteriores a 1985 y política arqueológica urbana de la Comunidad de Madrid», in Madrid del siglo IX al XI: [Exhibition held in] Madrid, October-November, 1990, Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, 1st Edition, Madrid: Comunidad de Madrid, Dirección General de Patrimonio Cultural, 1990, pp. 223–245.
• MENA MUÑOZ, P. y NOGUERAS MONTEAGUDO, M. E., «Las excavaciones arqueológicas en el casco urbano de Madrid», in Madrid del siglo IX al XI: [Exhibition held in] Madrid, October-November, 1990, Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, 1st Edición, Madrid: Comunidad de Madrid, Dirección General de Patrimonio Cultural, 1990, pp. 247–259.
• MONTERO VALLEJO, M., El Madrid Medieval. Nueva edición revisada y aumentada, 1st Edition, Madrid: La Librería, 2003, pp. 49–86.
• MONTERO VALLEJO, M., «Madrid musulmán», en FERNÁNDEZ GARCÍA, A., Historia de Madrid, 3ª Edición, Madrid: Instituto de Estudios Madrileños, 2007, pp. 88–92.
• PAVÓN, B., Ciudades hispano-musulmanas, 1st Edition, Madrid: Editorial Mapfre, 1992, pp. 166–168.
• PÉREZ VICENTE, D., «Excavaciones arqueológicas en el solar número 21 de la calle Segovia», in Madrid del siglo IX al XI: [Exhibition held in] Madrid, October-November, 1990, Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, 1st Edition, Madrid: Comunidad de Madrid, Dirección General de Patrimonio Cultural, 1990, pp. 261–266.

External links

• Information and photographs of the Arab Walls of Madrid in www.madridhistorico.com.
• information and photo gallery of the Arab Walls of Madrid in www.castillosnet.org.
• Real González, Julio: The Islamic Walls of Madrid: evidence of an intermediate enclosure. Amigos del Foro Cultural de Madrid.
• Template:Unavailable link