Academic Ranking of World Universities: Difference between revisions
It doesn't make sense why using the Academic Ranking of World Universities 2013 when the 2015 edition is already out. |
the others such as macedonia indicates figures of 2013-2014 |
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===Hispanic world=== |
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* The best classified of the Hispanic world, (of a ranking of the top 500)<ref> |
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{{web cite|author = [[Universidad Jiao Tong]] |
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|title = Academic Ranking of World Universities 2013 |
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|url = http://www.shanghairanking.com/ARWU2013.html |
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|accessdate = August 6, 2014 |
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}}</ref> |
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:{| class="wikitable" |
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|- bgColor="#efefef" |
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| width="250" align="center" | '''University''' |
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| width="200" align="center" | '''Place 2013 World (Local)''' |
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| width="300" align="left" | {{flagicon|MEX}}[[National Autonomous University of Mexico]] |
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| width="150" align="center" | 151-200 (1) |
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| width="300" align="left" | {{flagicon|ARG}}[[University of Buenos Aires]] |
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| width="150" align="center" | 151-200 (1) |
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| width="300" align="left" | {{flagicon|SPA}}[[Autonomous University of Barcelona]] |
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| width="150" align="center" | 201-300 (1-4) |
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|- |
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| width="300" align="left" | {{flagicon|SPA}}[[Autonomous University of Madrid]] |
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| width="150" align="center" | 201-300 (1-4) |
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|- |
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| width="300" align="left" | {{flagicon|SPA}}[[Complutense University of Madrid]] |
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| width="150" align="center" | 201-300 (1-4) |
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|- |
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| width="300" align="left" | {{flagicon|SPA}}[[University of Barcelona]] |
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| width="150" align="center" | 201-300 (1-4) |
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|- |
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| width="300" align="left" | {{flagicon|SPA}}[[Polytechnic University of Valencia]] |
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| width="150" align="center" | 301-400 (5-8) |
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|- |
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| width="300" align="left" | {{flagicon|SPA}}[[University of Granada]] |
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| width="150" align="center" | 301-400 (5-8) |
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|- |
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| width="300" align="left" | {{flagicon|SPA}}[[Pompeu Fabra University]] |
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| width="150" align="center" | 301-400 (5-8) |
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|- |
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| width="300" align="left" | {{flagicon|SPA}}[[University of Valencia]] |
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| width="150" align="center" | 301-400 (5-8) |
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|- |
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| width="300" align="left" | {{flagicon|CHI}}[[Pontifical Catholic University of Chile]] |
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| width="150" align="center" | 401-500 (1-2) |
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|- |
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| width="300" align="left" | {{flagicon|CHI}}[[University of Chile]] |
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| width="150" align="center" | 401-500 (1-2) |
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|- |
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| width="300" align="left" | {{flagicon|SPA}}[[University of the Basque Country]] |
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| width="150" align="center" | 401-500 (9-10) |
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|- |
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| width="300" align="left" | {{flagicon|SPA}}[[University of Zaragoza]] |
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| width="150" align="center" | 401-500 (9-10) |
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'''Note:''' The universities with the same score are listed in alphabetical order. |
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==Notes== |
==Notes== |
Revision as of 15:39, 14 October 2015
Categories | Higher education |
---|---|
Frequency | Annual |
Publisher | Shanghai Ranking Consultancy (since 2009) Shanghai Jiao Tong University (2003-2008) |
Country | China |
Language | Ten languages with English & Chinese |
Website | www.shanghairanking.com |
Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU), also known as Shanghai Ranking, is an annual publication of university rankings by Shanghai Ranking Consultancy.[1] The league table was originally compiled and issued by Shanghai Jiaotong University in 2003, the first global ranking with multifarious indicators,[2] after which a board of international advisories was established to provide suggestions.[3][4] The publication now comprises the world's overall and subject league tables, alongside independent regional Greater China Ranking and Macedonian HEIs Ranking. ARWU is regarded as one of the three most influential and widely observed university measures, alongside QS World University Rankings and Times Higher Education World University Rankings.[5][6][7][8] It is praised for its objective methodology but draws some condemnation for undermining humanities and quality of instruction.[5][7][9]
Global rankings
Overall
Methodology
Criterion | Indicator | Code | Weighting | Source |
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Quality of education |
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Quality of faculty |
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Research output |
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Per capita performance |
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*
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Reception
ARWU is praised by several media and institutions for its methodology and influence. A survey on higher education published by The Economist in 2005 commented ARWU as "the most widely used annual ranking of the world's research universities."[11] In 2010, The Chronicle of Higher Education called ARWU "the best-known and most influential global ranking of universities".[12] EU Research Headlines reported the ARWU's work on 31 December 2003: "The universities were carefully evaluated using several indicators of research performance."[13] Chancellor of University of Oxford, Chris Patten and former Vice-Chancellor of Australian National University, Ian Chubb, said: "the methodology looks fairly solid ... it looks like a pretty good stab at a fair comparison." and "The SJTU rankings were reported quickly and widely around the world… (and they) offer an important comparative view of research performance and reputation." respectively.[14] Philip G. Altbach named ARWU's 'consistency, clarity of purpose, and transparency' as significant strengths.[15]
Criticism
Like all other rankings, ARWU has criticism. It is condemned for "relying too much on award factors" thus undermining the importance of quality of instruction and humanities.[5][7][16][17] A 2007 paper published in the journal Scientometrics found that the results from the Shanghai rankings could not be reproduced from raw data using the method described by Liu and Cheng.[18] A 2013 paper in the same journal finally showed how the Shanghai ranking results could be reproduced.[19] In a report from April 2009, J-C. Billaut, D. Bouyssou and Ph. Vincke analyse how the ARWU works, using their insights as specialists of Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM). Their main conclusions are that the criteria used are not relevant; that the aggregation methodology has a number of major problems; and that insufficient attention has been paid to fundamental choices of criteria.[20] The ARWU researchers themselves, N.C Liu and Y Cheng, think that the quality of universities cannot be precisely measured by mere numbers and any ranking must be controversial. They suggest that university and college rankings should be used with caution and their methodologies must be understood clearly before reporting or using the results. ARWU has been criticised by the European Commission as well as some EU member states for "favour[ing] Anglo-Saxon higher education institutions". For instance, ARWU is repeatedly criticised in France, where it triggers an annual controversy, focusing on its ill-adapted character to the French academic system.[9][21]
Results
Institution | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Harvard University[22] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Stanford University[23] | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Massachusetts Institute of Technology[24] | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 |
University of California, Berkeley[25] | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 |
University of Cambridge[26] | 5 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
Princeton University[27] | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 |
California Institute of Technology[28] | 3 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 |
Columbia University[29] | 10 | 9 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 |
University of Chicago[30] | 11 | 10 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 |
University of Oxford[31] | 9 | 8 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 10 |
Yale University[32] | 8 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 |
University of California, Los Angeles[33] | 15 | 16 | 14 | 14 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 |
Cornell University[34] | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 |
University of California, San Diego[35] | 14 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 15 | 15 | 14 | 14 | 14 |
University of Washington[36] | 16 | 20 | 17 | 17 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 15 | 15 |
The Johns Hopkins University[37] | 24 | 22 | 19 | 20 | 19 | 20 | 19 | 18 | 18 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 16 |
University of Pennsylvania[38] | 18 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 14 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 |
University College London[39] | 20 | 25 | 26 | 26 | 25 | 22 | 21 | 21 | 20 | 21 | 21 | 20 | 18 |
University of California, San Francisco[40] | 13 | 17 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 17 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 |
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich[41] | 25 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 24 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 20 | 19 | 20 |
The University of Tokyo[42] | 19 | 14 | 20 | 19 | 20 | 19 | 20 | 20 | 21 | 20 | 21 | 21 | 21 |
University of Michigan[43] | 21 | 19 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 23 | 22 | 22 |
Imperial College London[44] | 17 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 27 | 26 | 26 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 22 | 23 |
University of Wisconsin - Madison[45] | 27 | 18 | 16 | 16 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 24 | 24 |
University of Toronto[46] | 23 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 23 | 24 | 27 | 27 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 24 | 25 |
Kyoto University[47] | 30 | 21 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 24 | 27 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 |
New York University[48] | 55 | 32 | 29 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 31 | 29 | 27 | 27 | 27 | 27 |
Northwestern University[49] | 29 | 30 | 31 | 33 | 29 | 30 | 30 | 29 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 28 | 28 |
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign[50] | 45 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 26 | 26 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 28 | 29 |
University of Minnesota[51] | 37 | 33 | 32 | 32 | 33 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 29 | 29 | 30 | 30 |
Duke University[52] | 32 | 31 | 32 | 31 | 32 | 32 | 31 | 35 | 35 | 36 | 31 | 31 | 31 |
Washington University in St. Louis[53] | 22 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 29 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 31 | 32 | 32 | 32 |
Rockefeller University[54] | 28 | 29 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 32 | 32 | 34 | 33 | 32 | 34 | 33 | 33 |
University of Colorado at Boulder[55] | 31 | 34 | 35 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 32 | 32 | 33 | 33 | 34 | 34 |
University of Copenhagen[56] | 65 | 59 | 57 | 56 | 46 | 45 | 43 | 40 | 43 | 44 | 42 | 39 | 35 |
Pierre and Marie Curie University[57] | 65 | 41 | 46 | 45 | 39 | 42 | 40 | 39 | 41 | 42 | 37 | 35 | 36 |
The University of Texas at Austin[58] | 47 | 40 | 36 | 39 | 38 | 39 | 38 | 38 | 35 | 35 | 36 | 39 | 37 |
University of California, Santa Barbara[59] | 26 | 35 | 34 | 35 | 35 | 36 | 35 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 41 | 38 |
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill[60] | 52 | 56 | 55 | 59 | 58 | 38 | 39 | 41 | 42 | 41 | 43 | 36 | 39 |
University of British Columbia[61] | 35 | 36 | 37 | 36 | 36 | 35 | 36 | 36 | 37 | 39 | 40 | 37 | 40 |
The University of Manchester[62] | 89 | 78 | 53 | 50 | 48 | 40 | 41 | 44 | 38 | 40 | 41 | 38 | 41 |
University of Paris-Sud[63] | 72 | 48 | 61 | 64 | 52 | 49 | 43 | 45 | 40 | 37 | 39 | 42 | 41 |
University of Maryland, College Park[64] | 75 | 57 | 47 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 36 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 43 | 43 |
The University of Melbourne[65] | 92 | 82 | 82 | 78 | 79 | 73 | 75 | 62 | 60 | 57 | 54 | 44 | 44 |
The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas[66] | 34 | 36 | 38 | 38 | 39 | 41 | 48 | 49 | 51 | 48 | 46 | 45 | 44 |
Heidelberg University[67] | 58 | 64 | 71 | 66 | 65 | 67 | 63 | 63 | 62 | 62 | 54 | 49 | 46 |
The University of Edinburgh[68] | 43 | 47 | 47 | 52 | 53 | 55 | 53 | 54 | 53 | 51 | 51 | 45 | 47 |
Karolinska Institutet[69] | 39 | 46 | 45 | 48 | 53 | 51 | 50 | 42 | 44 | 42 | 44 | 47 | 48 |
University of Southern California[70] | 40 | 48 | 50 | 47 | 50 | 50 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 47 | 51 | 49 |
University of California, Irvine[71] | 44 | 55 | 47 | 44 | 45 | 46 | 46 | 46 | 48 | 45 | 45 | 47 | 50 |
Alternative
As it may take much time for rising universities to produce Nobel laureates and Fields Medalists with numbers comparable to those of older institutions, the Institute created alternative rankings excluding such award factors so as to provide another way of comparisons of academic performance. The weighting of all the other factors remains unchanged, thus the grand total of 70%.
Subject
There are two categories in ARWU's disciplinary rankings, broad subject fields and specific subjects. The methodology is similar to that adopted in the overall table, including award factors, paper citation, and the number of highly cited scholars.
Broad fields[74] | Specific subjects[75] |
---|---|
Natural sciences and mathematics | Mathematics |
Computer science and engineering | Physics |
Life and agricultural sciences | Chemistry |
Clinical medicine and pharmacy | Computer science |
Social sciences | Economics and business |
Regional rankings
Considering the development of specific areas, two independent regional league tables with different methodologies were launched.
Greater China
Methodology
Criterion | Indicator | Weight |
---|---|---|
Education |
|
|
Research |
|
|
Faculty |
|
|
Resources |
|
|
Results
Institution | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Tsinghua University | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
National Tsing Hua University | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 |
National Taiwan University | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 |
The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology | 5 | 4 | 7 | 4 |
Peking University | 7 | 7 | 5 | 5 |
The University of Hong Kong | 3 | 6 | 4 | 6 |
The Chinese University of Hong Kong | 6 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
University of Science & Technology of China | 9 | 11 | 10 | 8 |
National Chiao Tung University | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 |
Zhejiang University | 10 | 9 | 9 | 10 |
Macedonia
Methodology
Criterion | Indicator | Weight |
---|---|---|
Teaching and learning |
|
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Research |
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Social service |
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Results
Institution | 2011-12 | 2013-14 |
---|---|---|
Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje | 1 | 1 |
Goce Delčev University of Štip | 3 | 2 |
South East European University | 2 | 3 |
University of Information Science and Technology "St. Paul The Apostle" | 5 | 4 |
University "Ss. Kliment Ohridski" – Bitola | 4 | 5 |
University American College Skopje | 10 | 6 |
International Balkan University | 6 | 7 |
FON University | 11 | 8 |
State University of Tetovo | 13 | 9 |
European University-Republic of Macedonia | 7 | 10 |
Hispanic world
- The best classified of the Hispanic world, (of a ranking of the top 500)[81]
University Place 2013 World (Local) National Autonomous University of Mexico 151-200 (1) University of Buenos Aires 151-200 (1) Autonomous University of Barcelona 201-300 (1-4) Autonomous University of Madrid 201-300 (1-4) Complutense University of Madrid 201-300 (1-4) University of Barcelona 201-300 (1-4) Polytechnic University of Valencia 301-400 (5-8) University of Granada 301-400 (5-8) Pompeu Fabra University 301-400 (5-8) University of Valencia 301-400 (5-8) Pontifical Catholic University of Chile 401-500 (1-2) University of Chile 401-500 (1-2) University of the Basque Country 401-500 (9-10) University of Zaragoza 401-500 (9-10)
Note: The universities with the same score are listed in alphabetical order.
Notes
- ^ a b c Official datum sources adopted by ARWU: Nobel Laureate Web, Fields Medalist Web, Thomson Reuters' survey of highly cited researchers & Thomson Reuters' Web of Science.
- ^ a b c d e Order shown in accordance with the latest result.
- ^ This table shows the latest version which is different from that of the previous year.
References
- ^ "About Academic Ranking of World Universities". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 2014. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
Since 2009 the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) has been published and copyrighted by ShanghaiRanking Consultancy.
- ^ "World university rankings: how much influence do they really have?". The Guardian. 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
The first international rankings, the Academic Ranking of World Universities or Shanghai Rankings
- ^ "Shanghai rankings rattle European universities". ABS-CBN Interactive. 8 December 2010. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
France's higher education minister travelled to Jiaotong University's suburban campus last month to discuss the rankings, the Norwegian education minister came last year and the Danish minister is due to visit next month.; The idea for the rankings was born in 1998, when Beijing decreed China needed several world-leading universities.
- ^ "ARWU International Advisory Board". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 2014. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
- ^ a b c "University rankings: which world university rankings should we trust?". The Telegraph. 2015. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
It is a remarkably stable list, relying on long-term factors such as the number of Nobel Prize-winners a university has produced, and number of articles published in Nature and Science journals. But with this narrow focus comes drawbacks. China's priority was for its universities to 'catch up' on hard scientific research. So if you're looking for raw research power, it's the list for you. If you're a humanities student, or more interested in teaching quality? Not so much.
{{cite web}}
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at position 195 (help) - ^ Ariel Zirulnick. "New world university ranking puts Harvard back on top". The Christian Science Monitor.
Those two, as well as Shanghai Jiao Tong University, produce the most influential international university rankings out there
- ^ a b c Indira Samarasekera & Carl Amrhein. "Top schools don't always get top marks". The Edmonton Journal.
There are currently three major international rankings that receive widespread commentary: The Academic World Ranking of Universities, the QS World University Rankings and the Times Higher Education Rankings.
- ^ Philip G. Altbach (11 November 2010). "The State of the Rankings". Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
The major international rankings have appeared in recent months — the Academic Ranking of World Universities, the QS World University Rankings, and the Times Higher Education World University Rankings (THE).
- ^ a b ""Shanghai Academic Ranking: a French Controversy" by Marc Goetzmann, for ''La Jeune Politique''". Lajeunepolitique.com. 29 August 2013. Retrieved 9 June 2014. Cite error: The named reference "EU" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ "ARWU – Methodology". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 2014. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
- ^ "A world of opportunity". The Economics. 8 September 2005. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
It is no accident that the most widely used annual ranking of the world's research universities, the Shanghai index, is produced by a Chinese university.
{{cite web}}
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(help) - ^ "International Group Announces Audit of University Rankings". The Chronicle of Higher Education. 10 October 2010. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
...Shanghai Jiao Tong University, which produces the best-known and most influential global ranking of universities...
{{cite web}}
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(help) - ^ "Chinese study ranks world's top 500 universities". European Research Headlines. 2003. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
- ^ "Rankings and Accountability in Higher Education: Uses and Misuses". United Nations Educational. 2013. p. 26. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
- ^ Philip G. Altbach (11 September 2010). "The State of the Rankings". INSIDE HIGHER ED. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
Nonetheless, AWRU's consistency, clarity of purpose, and transparency are significant advantages.
- ^ J. Scott Armstrong and Tad Sperry (1994). "Business School Prestige: Research versus Teaching" (PDF). Energy & Environment. 18 (2): 13–43.
- ^ "1741-7015-5-30.fm" (PDF). Retrieved 9 June 2014.
- ^ Răzvan V. Florian (17 June 2007). "Irreproducibility of the results of the Shanghai academic ranking of world universities". Scientometrics. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
{{cite web}}
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(help) - ^ Domingo Docampo (1 July 2012). "Reproducibility of the results of the Shanghai academic ranking of world universities". Scientometrics. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
{{cite web}}
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(help) - ^ Jean-Charles Billaut, Denis Bouyssou & Philippe Vincke. "Should you believe in the Shanghai ranking?". CCSD. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
- ^ Spongenberg, Helena (5 June 2014). "EUobserver / EU to test new university ranking in 2010". Euobserver.com. Retrieved 9 June 2014.
- ^ "ARWU - Harvard University". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
- ^ "ARWU - Stanford University". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
- ^ "ARWU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
- ^ "ARWU - University of California, Berkeley". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
- ^ "ARWU - University of Cambridge". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
- ^ "ARWU - Princeton University". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
- ^ "ARWU - California Institute of Technology". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
- ^ "ARWU - Columbia University". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
- ^ "ARWU - University of Chicago". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
- ^ "ARWU - University of Oxford". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
- ^ "ARWU - Yale University". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
- ^ "ARWU - University of California, Los Angeles". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
- ^ "ARWU - Cornell University". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
- ^ "ARWU - University of California, San Diego". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
- ^ "ARWU - University of Washington". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
- ^ "ARWU - The Johns Hopkins University". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
- ^ "ARWU - University of Pennsylvania". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
- ^ "ARWU - University College London". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
- ^ "ARWU - University of California, San Francisco". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
- ^ "ARWU - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
- ^ "ARWU - The University of Tokyo". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
- ^ "ARWU - University of Michigan". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
- ^ "ARWU - Imperial College, London". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
- ^ "ARWU - University of Wisconsin - Madison". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
- ^ "ARWU - University of Toronto". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
- ^ "ARWU - Kyoto University". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
- ^ "ARWU - New York University". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
- ^ "ARWU - Northwestern University". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
- ^ "ARWU - University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
- ^ "ARWU - University of Minnesota, Twin Cities". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
- ^ "ARWU - Duke University". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
- ^ "ARWU - Washington University in St. Louis". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
- ^ "ARWU - Rockefeller University". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
- ^ "ARWU - University of Colorado at Boulder". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
- ^ "ARWU - University of Copenhagen". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
- ^ "ARWU - Pierre and Marie Curie University - Paris 6". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
- ^ "ARWU - The University of Texas at Austin". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
- ^ "ARWU - University of California, Santa Barbara". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
- ^ "ARWU - University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
- ^ "ARWU - University of British Columbia". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
- ^ "ARWU - The University of Manchester". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
- ^ "ARWU - University of Paris Sud (Paris 11)". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
- ^ "ARWU - University of Maryland, College Park". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
- ^ "ARWU - The University of Melbourne". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
- ^ "ARWU - The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
- ^ "ARWU - Heidelberg University". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
- ^ "ARWU - The University of Edinburgh". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
- ^ "ARWU - Karolinska Institute". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
- ^ "ARWU - University of Southern California". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 2014. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
- ^ "ARWU - University of California, Irvine". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
- ^ "Alternative Ranking 2014 ( Excluding Award Factor ) ( Excluding Award Factor )". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 2014. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
- ^ "Alternative Ranking 2015 ( Excluding Award Factor )". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
- ^ "Academic Rankings of World Universities in subject fields". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
- ^ "Academic Rankings of World Universities in specific subjects". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
- ^ "Greater China Ranking – Methodology". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
- ^ "Greater China Rankings". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
- ^ "Macedonian HEIs Ranking 2013-2014 – Methodology". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
- ^ "Macedonian HEIs Ranking 2013-2014". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
- ^ "Macedonian HEIs Ranking 2011-2012". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
- ^ Universidad Jiao Tong. "Academic Ranking of World Universities 2013". Retrieved August 6, 2014.
External links
- Academic Ranking of World Universities Website
- Interactive maps comparing the ARWU, Times Higher Education and QS World University Rankings
- Jambor, Paul Z. 'The Changing Dynamics of PhDs and the Future of Higher Educational Development in Asia and the Rest of the World' Department of Education – The United States of America: Educational Resources Information Center, September 26, 2009 (Accessed in October, 2009)
- Csizmazia Roland A., Jambor, Paul Z. "Korean Higher Education on the Rise: Time to Learn From the Success – Comparative Research at the Tertiary Education Level", Human Resource Management Academic Research Society: International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development,Volume 3, Issue 2 (March, 2014)