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Surgery for unilateral sciatica involves the removal of part of the disc, known as a [[discectomy]]. While it results in short term benefits, long term benefits appear equivalent to conservative care.<ref name=Valat2010/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Bruggeman|first=AJ|coauthors=Decker, RC|title=Surgical treatment and outcomes of lumbar radiculopathy.|journal=Physical medicine and rehabilitation clinics of North America|date=February 2011|volume=22|issue=1|pages=161–77|pmid=21292152|doi=10.1016/j.pmr.2010.10.002}}</ref> Treatment of the underlying cause of the compression is needed in cases of [[epidural abscess]], epidural tumors, and [[cauda equina syndrome]].
Surgery for unilateral sciatica involves the removal of part of the disc, known as a [[discectomy]]. While it results in short term benefits, long term benefits appear equivalent to conservative care.<ref name=Valat2010/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Bruggeman|first=AJ|coauthors=Decker, RC|title=Surgical treatment and outcomes of lumbar radiculopathy.|journal=Physical medicine and rehabilitation clinics of North America|date=February 2011|volume=22|issue=1|pages=161–77|pmid=21292152|doi=10.1016/j.pmr.2010.10.002}}</ref> Treatment of the underlying cause of the compression is needed in cases of [[epidural abscess]], epidural tumors, and [[cauda equina syndrome]].


===Epidurals===
===Steroids===
There is little evidence for steroids, either epidural or by pill.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Balagué | first1 = F. | last2 = Piguet | first2 = V. | last3 = Dudler | first3 = J. | title = Steroids for LBP - from rationale to inconvenient truth. | journal = Swiss Med Wkly | volume = 142 | issue = | pages = w13566 | month = | year = 2012 | doi = 10.4414/smw.2012.13566 | PMID = 22495738 }}</ref>
For the vast majority of patients there are no benefits
from receiving epidural steroid injections, long-term benefit is controversial. Other agents, ex: TNF inhibitors, have not shown efficacy in most randomized controlled trials. {{citation needed|date=April 2013}}


===Alternative medicine===
===Alternative medicine===

Revision as of 15:19, 17 March 2014

Sciatica
SpecialtyOrthopedic surgery, neurology Edit this on Wikidata

Sciatica (/saɪˈætɪkə/; sciatic neuritis, sciatic neuralgia,[1] or lumbar radiculopathy[2][3]) is a set of symptoms including pain caused by general compression or irritation of one of five spinal nerve roots of each sciatic nerve—or by compression or irritation of the left or right or both sciatic nerves. Symptoms include lower back pain, buttock pain, and pain, numbness or weakness in various parts of the leg and foot. Other symptoms include a "pins and needles" sensation, or tingling and difficulty moving or controlling the leg. Typically, symptoms only manifest on one side of the body. The pain may radiate below the knee, but does not always.

Sciatica is a relatively common form of low back and leg pain, but the true meaning of the term is often misunderstood. Sciatica is a set of symptoms rather than a diagnosis for what is irritating the root of the nerve to cause the pain. Treatment for sciatica or sciatic symptoms often differs, depending on underlying causes and pain levels. Causes include compression of the sciatic nerve roots by a herniated (torn) or protruding disc in the lower back.

The first known use of the word sciatica dates from 1451.[4]

Definition

The term sciatica describes a symptom rather than a specific disease. Some use it to mean any pain starting in the lower back and going down the leg. Others use the term more specifically to mean a nerve dysfunction caused by compression of one or more lumbar or sacral nerve roots from a spinal disc herniation. Pain typically occurs in the distribution of a dermatome and goes below the knee to the foot. It may be associated with neurological dysfunction, such as weakness.[5] The pain is characteristically of shooting type, quickly traveling along the course of the nerve.[6]

Cause

Spinal disc herniation

Main article: Spinal disc herniation

Spinal disc herniation pressing on one of the lumbar or sacral nerve roots is the primary cause of sciatica, being present in about 90% of cases.[5]

Sciatica caused by pressure from a disc herniation and swelling of surrounding tissue can spontaneously subside if the tear in the disc heals and the pulposus extrusion and inflammation cease.

Spinal stenosis

Main article: Lumbar spinal stenosis

Other compressive spinal causes include lumbar spinal stenosis, a condition in which the spinal canal (the spaces the spinal cord runs through) narrows and compresses the spinal cord, cauda equina, or sciatic nerve roots. This narrowing can be caused by bone spurs, spondylolisthesis, inflammation, or herniated disc, which decreases available space for the spinal cord, thus pinching and irritating nerves from the spinal cord that travel to the sciatic nerves.

Piriformis syndrome

Piriformis syndrome is a controversial condition that, depending on the analysis, varies from a "very rare" cause to contributing to up to 8% of low back or buttock pain.[7] In 15% of the population, the sciatic nerve runs through, or under the piriformis muscle rather than beneath it. When the muscle shortens or spasms due to trauma or overuse, it's posited that this causes compression of the sciatic nerve.[7] It has colloquially been referred to as "wallet sciatica" since a wallet carried in a rear hip pocket compresses the buttock muscles and sciatic nerve when the bearer sits down. Piriformis syndrome cause sciatica when the nerve root is normal.[8][9]

Pregnancy

Sciatica may also occur during pregnancy as a result of the weight of the fetus pressing on the sciatic nerve during sitting or during leg spasms. While most cases do not directly harm the fetus or the mother, indirect harm may come from the numbing effect on the legs, which can cause loss of balance and falling. There is no standard treatment for pregnancy induced sciatica.[10]

Other

Sciatica can also be caused by tumours impinging on the spinal cord or the nerve roots.[5] Severe back pain extending to the hips and feet, loss of bladder or bowel control, or muscle weakness may result from spinal tumours or cauda equina syndrome. Trauma to the spine, such as from a car accident, may also lead to sciatica.

Pathophysiology

Sciatica is generally caused by the compression of lumbar nerves L3, L4, or L5 or sacral nerves S1, S2, or S3, or by compression of the sciatic nerve itself. When sciatica is caused by compression of a dorsal nerve root (radix), it is considered a lumbar radiculopathy (or radiculitis when accompanied with an inflammatory response). This can occur as a result of a spinal disk bulge or spinal disc herniation (a herniated intervertebral disc), or from roughening, enlarging, or misalignment (spondylolisthesis) of the vertebrae, or as a result of degenerated discs that can reduce the diameter of the lateral foramen (natural hole) through which nerve roots exit the spine. The intervertebral discs consist of an annulus fibrosus, which forms a ring surrounding the inner nucleus pulposus. When there is a tear in the annulus fibrosus, the nucleus pulposus (pulp) may extrude through the tear and press against spinal nerves within the spinal cord, cauda equina, or exiting nerve roots, causing inflammation, numbness, or excruciating pain. Inflammation in the spinal canal can also spread to adjacent facet joints and cause lower back pain and/or referred pain in the posterior thigh(s). Pseudosciatic pain can also be caused by compression of peripheral sections of the nerve, usually from soft tissue tension in the piriformis or related muscles.

The spinal discs are composed of a tough spongiform ring of cartilage ("annulus fibrosus") with a more malleable center ("nucleus pulposus"). The discs separate the vertebrae, thereby allowing room for the nerve roots to properly exit through the spaces between the vertebrae. The discs cushion the spine from compressive forces, but are weak to pressure applied during rotational movements. That is why a person who bends to one side, at a bad angle to pick something up, may more likely herniate a spinal disc than a person jumping from a ladder and landing on their feet.

Herniation of a disc occurs when the liquid center of the disc bulges outwards, tearing the external ring of fibers, extrudes into the spinal canal, and compresses a nerve root against the lamina or pedicle of a vertebra, thus causing sciatica. This extruded liquid from the "nucleus pulposus" may cause inflammation and swelling of surrounding tissue, which may cause further compression of the nerve root in the confined space in the spinal canal.

Diagnosis

Sciatica is typically diagnosed by physical examination, and the history of the symptoms.[5] Generally if a person reports the typical radiating pain in one leg as well as one or more neurological indications of nerve root tension or neurological deficit, sciatica can be diagnosed.[11]

The most applied diagnostic test is the straight leg raise to produce Lasègue's sign, which is considered positive if pain in the distribution of the sciatic nerve is reproduced with between 30 and 70 degrees passive flexion of the straight leg.[12] While this test is positive in about 90% of people with sciatica, approximately 75% of people with a positive test do not have sciatica.[5]

Imaging tests such as computerised tomography or magnetic resonance imaging can help with the diagnosis of lumbar disc herniation.[13] The utility of MR neurography in the diagnoses of piriformis syndrome is controversial.[7]

Management

When the cause of sciatica is lumbar disc herniation, most cases resolve spontaneously over weeks to months.[14] Initially treatment in the first 6–8 weeks should be conservative.[5] There does not appear to be a significant difference in outcomes between advice to stay active and recommendations of bed rest.[15] Similarly, physical therapy (exercises) has not been found better than bed rest.[16]

Medication

Although medicines are commonly prescribed for the treatment of sciatica, evidence for analgesics is poor.[17] Specifically, NSAIDs do not appear to improve immediate pain and all NSAIDs appear about equivalent.[17] Evidence is also lacking in use of opioids and muscle relaxants. In those with sciatica due to piriformis syndrome, botulism toxin injections may improve pain and or function.[18]

Surgery

Surgery for unilateral sciatica involves the removal of part of the disc, known as a discectomy. While it results in short term benefits, long term benefits appear equivalent to conservative care.[5][19] Treatment of the underlying cause of the compression is needed in cases of epidural abscess, epidural tumors, and cauda equina syndrome.

Steroids

There is little evidence for steroids, either epidural or by pill.[20]

Alternative medicine

Moderate quality evidence suggests that spinal manipulation is an effective treatment for acute sciatica.[21] For chronic sciatica the evidence is poor.[21] Spinal manipulation has been found generally safe for the treatment of disc-related pain; however, case reports have found an association with cauda equina syndrome[22] and it is contraindicated when there are progressive neurological deficits.[23]

Epidemiology

Depending on how it is defined, 1.6% to 43% of people have sciatica.[5]

References

  1. ^ Lakmichi MA, Jarir R, Kabour J, Dahami Z, Said Moudouni M, Sarf I (2011). "Sciatica leading to the discovery of a renal cell carcinoma". Pan Afr Med J. 9: 18. PMC 3215540. PMID 22355428.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ New Jersey Pain Care Center, "Lumbar Radiculopathy (Sciatica)", 2010
  3. ^ "sciatica" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
  4. ^ Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd Ed. "a1450a Mankind (Brandl)."
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h Valat, JP (April 2010). "Sciatica". Best practice & research. Clinical rheumatology. 24 (2): 241–52. doi:10.1016/j.berh.2009.11.005. PMID 20227645. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ Bhat, Sriram (2013). SRB's Manual of Surgery. p. 364. ISBN 9789350259443.
  7. ^ a b c Miller TA, White KP, Ross DC (September 2012). "The diagnosis and management of Piriformis Syndrome: myths and facts". Can J Neurol Sci. 39 (5): 577–83. PMID 22931697.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ Kirschner, Jonathan S.; Foye, Patrick M.; Cole, Jeffrey L. (2009). "Piriformis syndrome, diagnosis and treatment". Muscle & Nerve. 40 (1): 10–18. doi:10.1002/mus.21318. PMID 19466717.
  9. ^ Lewis, A. M.; Layzer, R.; Engstrom, J. W.; Barbaro, N. M.; Chin, C. T. (2006). "Magnetic Resonance Neurography in Extraspinal Sciatica". Archives of Neurology. 63 (10): 1469–1472. doi:10.1001/archneur.63.10.1469. PMID 17030664.
  10. ^ Sciatic nerve compression during pregnancy
  11. ^ Koes, B W; Van Tulder, M W; Peul, W C (2007). "Diagnosis and treatment of sciatica". BMJ. 334 (7607): 1313–1317. doi:10.1136/bmj.39223.428495.BE. PMC 1895638. PMID 17585160.
  12. ^ Speed, C (May 8, 2004). "Low back pain". BMJ (Clinical research ed.). 328 (7448): 1119–21. doi:10.1136/bmj.328.7448.1119. PMC 406328. PMID 15130982.
  13. ^ Gregory, DS; Seto, CK; Wortley, GC; Shugart, CM (2008). "Acute lumbar disk pain: navigating evaluation and treatment choices". American family physician. 78 (7): 835–42. PMID 18841731.
  14. ^ Casey, E (February 2011). "Natural history of radiculopathy". Physical medicine and rehabilitation clinics of North America. 22 (1): 1–5. doi:10.1016/j.pmr.2010.10.001. PMID 21292142.
  15. ^ Hagen, KB (Oct 18, 2004). "Bed rest for acute low-back pain and sciatica". Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) (4): CD001254. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001254.pub2. PMID 15495012. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  16. ^ Luijsterburg, Pim A. J.; Verhagen, Arianne P.; Ostelo, Raymond W. J. G.; Os, Ton A. G.; Peul, Wilco C.; Koes, Bart W. (2007). "Effectiveness of conservative treatments for the lumbosacral radicular syndrome: a systematic review". European Spine Journal. 16 (7): 881–899. doi:10.1007/s00586-007-0367-1. PMC 2219647. PMID 17415595.
  17. ^ a b Pinto, RZ (Feb 13, 2012). "Drugs for relief of pain in patients with sciatica: systematic review and meta-analysis". BMJ (Clinical research ed.). 344: e497. PMC 3278391. PMID 22331277. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  18. ^ Waseem, Z (Jan 19, 2011). "Botulinum toxin injections for low-back pain and sciatica". Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) (1): CD008257. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008257.pub2. PMID 21249702. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  19. ^ Bruggeman, AJ (February 2011). "Surgical treatment and outcomes of lumbar radiculopathy". Physical medicine and rehabilitation clinics of North America. 22 (1): 161–77. doi:10.1016/j.pmr.2010.10.002. PMID 21292152. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  20. ^ Balagué, F.; Piguet, V.; Dudler, J. (2012). "Steroids for LBP - from rationale to inconvenient truth". Swiss Med Wkly. 142: w13566. doi:10.4414/smw.2012.13566. PMID 22495738. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help)
  21. ^ a b Leininger, Brent; Bronfort, Gert; Evans, Roni; Reiter, Todd (2011). "Spinal Manipulation or Mobilization for Radiculopathy: A Systematic Review". Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America. 22 (1): 105–125. doi:10.1016/j.pmr.2010.11.002. PMID 21292148.
  22. ^ Tamburrelli, FC (May 2011). "Cauda equina syndrome and spine manipulation: case report and review of the literature". European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society. 20 Suppl 1: S128-31. doi:10.1007/s00586-011-1745-2. PMC 3087049. PMID 21404036. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  23. ^ WHO guidelines on basic training and safety in chiropractic. "2.1 Absolute contraindications to spinal manipulative therapy", p. 21. WHO
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