Salamanca: Difference between revisions
| Line 131: | Line 131: | ||
* '''[[Huerto de Calisto y Melibea (Salamanca)|Huerto de Calixto y Melibea]]''': Garden near to the cathedrals where, some say, lies the plot of the novel ''[[La Celestina]]'' by [[Fernando de Rojas]]. Besides it are remains of the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] Walls. |
* '''[[Huerto de Calisto y Melibea (Salamanca)|Huerto de Calixto y Melibea]]''': Garden near to the cathedrals where, some say, lies the plot of the novel ''[[La Celestina]]'' by [[Fernando de Rojas]]. Besides it are remains of the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] Walls. |
||
* '''[[Plaza del Corrillo (Salamanca)|Plaza del Corrillo]]''': Small square adjacent to the Plaza Mayor. On the left is the [[Romanesque]] church of San Martín and the right a series of houses with porches formed by columns of stone completed in pads representing the days of the week (a moon for the Monday, a Mars for Tuesday, etc.). |
* '''[[Plaza del Corrillo (Salamanca)|Plaza del Corrillo]]''': Small square adjacent to the Plaza Mayor. On the left is the [[Romanesque]] church of San Martín and the right a series of houses with porches formed by columns of stone completed in pads representing the days of the week (a moon for the Monday, a Mars for Tuesday, etc.). |
||
===Religious buildings=== |
|||
* '''[[Capilla de la Vera Cruz (Salamanca)|Capilla de la Vera Cruz]]''': Baroque church with Renaissance facade, headquarters of the five hundred year old [[Illustrious Brotherhood of the Holy Cross of the Redeemer and the Immaculate Conception, his Mother (Salamanca)|Brotherhood of the Vera Cruz of Salamanca]]. It houses countless works of art. |
|||
* Cathedrals: Salamanca has two cathedrals, the '''[[Old Cathedral, Salamanca|Old Cathedral]]''', of the 12th century and of [[Romanesque]] style, and the '''[[New Cathedral, Salamanca|New Cathedral]]''', much larger, built in 16th century of [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] style and completed in [[18th century]]. The place where it join both is known as [[Patio Chico (Salamanca)|Patio Chico]] and is one of the most charming corners of the city. |
|||
* '''[[La Clerecía (Salamanca)|La Clerecía]]''': currently houses the [[Pontifical University of Salamanca|Pontifical University]]. Building started in 1617 and was completed 150 years later as the Colegio Real del Espíritu Santo, of the [[Society of Jesus]]. The style is [[Baroque]]. It difference the school, with an interesting cloister and the church, with an impressive facade of three bodies, two twin towers of 50 meters high and a huge dome. The Clerecía name is because it belonged to the [[Real Clerecía de San Marcos]] after the [[Suppression of the Society of Jesus|expulsion of the Jesuits]]. |
|||
* '''[[Colegio de Calatrava (Salamanca)|Colegio de Calatrava]]''' : Built in [[18th century]], by initiative of the [[Order of Calatrava]], now houses the Casa de la Iglesia. |
|||
*'''[[Convento de las Agustinas e Iglesia de la Purísima (Salamanca)|Convento de las Agustinas e Iglesia de la Purísima]]''': In the church is a painting of the Immaculate Conception painted by [[Jusepe de Ribera]]. It is the only construction of totally Italian space and decor in Spain. |
|||
* '''[[Convento de las Dueñas]]''' (15th century): Highlights the irregular Renaissance cloister. |
|||
* '''[[Convento de las Isabeles (Salamanca)|Convento de las Isabeles]]''' |
|||
* '''[[Convento de San Antonio el Real (Salamanca)|Convento de San Antonio el Real]]''' (1736): de estilo [[barroco]], of Baroque style, its remains were divided between the Lyceum Theatre and a store where it can visit. |
|||
* '''[[Convent of St. Stephen, Salamanca|Convento de San Esteban]]''', of the Dominican fathers (16th century): the [[plateresque]] facade, with its shape of arc of triumph, is a jewel of the Salamancan [[Renaissance]]. Impressive Baroque altarpiece by [[José Benito Churrriguera]]. Also noteworthy is the Cloister of the Kings, Renaissance. |
|||
* '''[[Convento de la Anunciación (Salamanca)|Convento de la Anunciación]]''' (called de las Úrsulas): Founded by the [[Alonso II de Fonseca|Archbishop Fonseca]] in 1512. Stresses the exterior apse of [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] style. In the inside, the [[Baroque]] altarpiece and the tomb of the founder, Renaissance, work by [[Diego Siloe]]. |
|||
* '''[[Convento de la Trinidad (Salamanca)|Convento de la Trinidad]]''': Former Palacio de Montellano adapted in 16th century to host a Trinitarian convent. |
|||
* '''[[Monasterio de Nuestra Señora de la Victoria (Salamanca)|Monasterio de Nuestra Señora de la Victoria]]''', of the [[Hieronymites|Order of St. Jerome]], completed in 1513, almost destroyed by the French in the early 19th century, the [[Peninsular War]], is now integrated into the manufacturing facilities of the 19th century, of the [[Mirat|Grupo Mirat]]. |
|||
* '''[[Ermita de Nuestra Señora de la Misericordia (Salamanca)|Ermita de Nuestra Señora de la Misericordia]]''' (ss. XVI–XVII): (ss. XVI-XVII): small Baroque hermitage was begun in 1389 in the Plaza de San Cristobal. Currently very damaged, is a printing, while its [[bell-gable]] decorates the church of the Pizarrales neighborhood. |
|||
* '''[[Antigua Iglesia de las Bernardas (Salamanca)|Antigua iglesia de las Bernardas]]''' work by [[Rodrigo Gil de Hontañón]]. Prototype of the Salamancan churches of the 16th century. Stresses the shell-shaped head. Today it is within the colegio de San José de Calasanz. |
|||
* '''[[Iglesia del Carmen de Abajo (Salamanca)|Iglesia del Carmen de Abajo]]''': Chapel of the Third Order of Caramel integrated in the Convent of San Andrés. It is the only remainder from that referred convent disappeared in 19th century. |
|||
* '''[[Iglesia de San Benito (Salamanca)|Iglesia de San Benito]]''': Gothic church built under the patronage of [[Alonso II de Fonseca]], pantheon of the Maldonado family. |
|||
* '''[[Iglesia de San Julián y Santa Basilisa (Salamanca)|Iglesia de San Julián]]''': Romanesque church subsequently restored. |
|||
* '''[[Iglesia de San Marcos (Salamanca)|Iglesia de San Marcos]]''': [[Romanesque]] church near the path which ran the North walls of the city. Outside cicular plant has three naves and apses inside. |
|||
* '''[[Iglesia de San Martín (Salamanca)|Iglesia de San Martín]]''': Romanesque church with Gothic reforms, Renaissance and Baroque, attached to the Plaza Mayor. |
|||
* '''[[Iglesia de San Pablo (Salamanca)|Iglesia de San Pablo]]''': Baroque church belonging to the former convent of the Trinitarians, houses the image of [[Congregation of Rescued Jesus and Our Lady of Sorrows|Jesus Rescued]], much venerated in the city. Parish hosts, governed by the [[Diocesan Laborer Priests of the Sacred Heart of Jesus|Diocesan Laborer Priests]]. |
|||
* '''[[Iglesia de Santo Tomás Cantuariense (Salamanca)|Iglesia de Santo Tomás Cantuariense]]''': [[Romanesque]] church founded in honor of [[Thomas Becket|St. Thomas]], Archbishop of Canterbury in 1175, just five years after his death and two after his canonization. It has three apses and a nave with a wooden roof. Form Parish along with St. Paul, governed by the Diocesan Laborer Priests. |
|||
==University== |
==University== |
||
Revision as of 22:03, 30 April 2011
Salamanca | |
|---|---|
 View of Salamanca | |
 Flag  Coat of arms | |
 Location of Salamanca in Spain | |
| Country |  Spain |
| Autonomous community |  Castile and León |
| Province | Salamanca |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Julián Lanzarote Sastre (Partido Popular) |
| Area | |
| • Total | 38.6 km2 (14.9 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 802 m (2,631 ft) |
| Population (2010) | |
| • Total | metropolitan:213,399 city:154,462 |
| • Density | 4,034/km2 (10,450/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Area code | 34 (Spain) + 923 (Salamanca) |
| Website | www.salamanca.es |
Salamanca is a city in western Spain, in the community of Castile and León. Because it is known for its beautiful buildings and urban environment, the Old City was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. It is the most important university city in Spain and is known for its contributions to the teaching of the Spanish language.[1] Salamanca supplies 16% of Spain's market[2] and attracts thousands of international students,[3] generating a diverse multicultural environment.
It is situated approximately 200 km (124 mi) west of Madrid and 80 km (50 mi) east of the Portuguese border. The University of Salamanca, which was founded in 1218 and is the oldest university in Spain and the third oldest western university. With its 30,000 students, the university is, together with tourism, the economic engine of the city. Salamanca is the capital of the province of Salamanca, which belongs to the autonomous community of Castile and Leon (Castilla y León). With a metropolitan population around 192,000 it is the second most populated urban area in Castile and Leon, after the capital Valladolid (369,000), and closely followed by Leon (187,000) and Burgos (176,000).
History
The city was founded in the pre-Ancient Rome period by the Vacceos, a Celtic tribe, as one of a pair of forts to defend their territory near the Duero river. In the third century BCE, Hannibal laid siege to the city. With the fall of the Carthaginians to the Romans, the city of Helmantica, as it was known, began to take more importance as a commercial hub in the Roman Hispania due to its favorable location. Salamanca lay on a Roman road, known as the Vía de la Plata, which connected it with Emerita Augusta (present day Mérida) to the south and Asturica Augusta (present-day Astorga) to the north. Its Roman bridge dates from the first century, and was a part of this road.
With the fall of the Roman Empire, the Alans established in Lusitania, and Salamanca was part of this region. Later the city was conquered by the Visigoths and included in their territory. The city was a already an episcopal see, and signatures of bishops of Salamanca are found in the Councils of Toledo
Salamanca surrendered to the Moors, led by Musa bin Nusair, in the year 712 CE. For years this area between the south of Duero River and the north of Tormes River, became the main battlefield between the Christian kingdoms and the Muslim Al-Andalus rulers. The constant fighting of the Kingdom of León first, and the Kingdom of Castile and León later against the Caliphate depopulated Salamanca and reduced it to an unimportant settlement. After the battle of Simancas (939) the Christians resettled this area. After the capture of Toledo by Alfonso VI of Castile in 1085, the definitive resettlement of the city took place. Raymond of Burgundy, instructed by his father-in-law Alfonso VI of León, led a group of settlers of various origins in 1102.
One of the most important moments in Salamanca's history was the year 1218, when Alfonso IX of León granted a royal charter to the University of Salamanca, while formal teaching had existed at least since 1130. Soon it became one of the most significant and prestigious academic centres in Europe.
During the XVI century the city reached its medieval splendor (around 6,500 students and a total population of 24,000). During that period the University of Salamanca hosted the most important intellectuals of the time, these groups of mostly-dominicans scholars were designated the School of Salamanca. The juridical doctrine of the School of Salamanca represented the end of medieval concepts of law, and founded the fundamental body of the ulterior european law and morality concepts, including rights as a corporeal being (right to life), economic rights (own property) and spiritual rights (freedom of thought and to human dignity).
In 1551 the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V ordered an inquiry to find out if the science of Andreas Vesalius, physician and anatomist, was in line with the Catholic doctrine. Vesalius came to Salamanca that same year to appear before the board and was acquitted.
Salamanca suffered the general decadency of the Kingdom of Castile during the XVII century, but in the XVIII century it had a new reborn. In this period the new baroque Cathedral and main square (Plaza Mayor) were finished.
In the Peninsular War of the Napoleonic campaigns, the Battle of Salamanca, fought July 22, 1812, was a serious setback for the French, and a mighty setback for Salamanca, whose western quarter was seriously damaged. The battle which raged that day is famous as a defining moment in military history; many thousands of men were slaughtered by cannon fire in the space of only a few short hours.
In 1988 the old city is declared UNESCO World Heritage Site. In 1998 it was declared European city of Culture for year 2002 (shared with Bruges). During 14 and 15 october 2005 it hosted the XV the Ibero-American Summits of Heads of State and Governments.
Since 1996 Salamanca has been the designated site of the archive of the Spanish Civil War (Archivo General de la Guerra Civil Española). The original documents were assembled by the Francoist regime, selectively obtained from the administrative departments of various institutions and organizations during the Spanish Civil War as a repressive instrument used against opposition groups and individuals. [1]. The socialist government moved the Catalan part of the archive to Barcelona in 2006 despite opposition from the local authorities and popular protests.
Main sights
The Old City of Salamanca was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1988.
| Code | Name | Location | Coordenates |
|---|---|---|---|
| 381-001 | Old quarter of the city | ||
| 381-002 | Irish College | c/ Fonseca, 2 | |
| 381-003 | Iglesia de San Marcos | c/ Zamora - Plaza del Ejército | |
| 381-004 | Iglesia de Sancti Spiritus | Sancti Spiritus, 34 | |
| 381-005 | Convento de las Claras | c/ de Santa Clara, 2 y 12; c/ del Lucero 2 y 18 | |
| 381-006 | Casa-Convento de Santa Teresa | c/ Crespo Rascón, 19 | |
| 381-007 | Iglesia de San Juan de Barbalos | Pl. San Juan Bautista, 2 - c/ Luis Sevillano, 2 | |
| 381-008 | Iglesia de San Cristobal | Plaza de San Cristobal, 8 |
Sightseeing in the city, many of them within the «Old quarter», are:
Squares and public spaces
- La Plaza Mayor: of Baroque style, designed by architects Alberto and Nicolás Churriguera is the most important of public spaces and the heart of the city.
- Campo de San Francisco: First public garden in the city on grounds of the former convent of San Francisco Real.
- Huerto de Calixto y Melibea: Garden near to the cathedrals where, some say, lies the plot of the novel La Celestina by Fernando de Rojas. Besides it are remains of the Roman Walls.
- Plaza del Corrillo: Small square adjacent to the Plaza Mayor. On the left is the Romanesque church of San Martín and the right a series of houses with porches formed by columns of stone completed in pads representing the days of the week (a moon for the Monday, a Mars for Tuesday, etc.).
Religious buildings
- Capilla de la Vera Cruz: Baroque church with Renaissance facade, headquarters of the five hundred year old Brotherhood of the Vera Cruz of Salamanca. It houses countless works of art.
- Cathedrals: Salamanca has two cathedrals, the Old Cathedral, of the 12th century and of Romanesque style, and the New Cathedral, much larger, built in 16th century of Gothic style and completed in 18th century. The place where it join both is known as Patio Chico and is one of the most charming corners of the city.
- La Clerecía: currently houses the Pontifical University. Building started in 1617 and was completed 150 years later as the Colegio Real del Espíritu Santo, of the Society of Jesus. The style is Baroque. It difference the school, with an interesting cloister and the church, with an impressive facade of three bodies, two twin towers of 50 meters high and a huge dome. The Clerecía name is because it belonged to the Real Clerecía de San Marcos after the expulsion of the Jesuits.
- Colegio de Calatrava : Built in 18th century, by initiative of the Order of Calatrava, now houses the Casa de la Iglesia.
- Convento de las Agustinas e Iglesia de la Purísima: In the church is a painting of the Immaculate Conception painted by Jusepe de Ribera. It is the only construction of totally Italian space and decor in Spain.
- Convento de las Dueñas (15th century): Highlights the irregular Renaissance cloister.
- Convento de las Isabeles
- Convento de San Antonio el Real (1736): de estilo barroco, of Baroque style, its remains were divided between the Lyceum Theatre and a store where it can visit.
- Convento de San Esteban, of the Dominican fathers (16th century): the plateresque facade, with its shape of arc of triumph, is a jewel of the Salamancan Renaissance. Impressive Baroque altarpiece by José Benito Churrriguera. Also noteworthy is the Cloister of the Kings, Renaissance.
- Convento de la Anunciación (called de las Úrsulas): Founded by the Archbishop Fonseca in 1512. Stresses the exterior apse of Gothic style. In the inside, the Baroque altarpiece and the tomb of the founder, Renaissance, work by Diego Siloe.
- Convento de la Trinidad: Former Palacio de Montellano adapted in 16th century to host a Trinitarian convent.
- Monasterio de Nuestra Señora de la Victoria, of the Order of St. Jerome, completed in 1513, almost destroyed by the French in the early 19th century, the Peninsular War, is now integrated into the manufacturing facilities of the 19th century, of the Grupo Mirat.
- Ermita de Nuestra Señora de la Misericordia (ss. XVI–XVII): (ss. XVI-XVII): small Baroque hermitage was begun in 1389 in the Plaza de San Cristobal. Currently very damaged, is a printing, while its bell-gable decorates the church of the Pizarrales neighborhood.
- Antigua iglesia de las Bernardas work by Rodrigo Gil de Hontañón. Prototype of the Salamancan churches of the 16th century. Stresses the shell-shaped head. Today it is within the colegio de San José de Calasanz.
- Iglesia del Carmen de Abajo: Chapel of the Third Order of Caramel integrated in the Convent of San Andrés. It is the only remainder from that referred convent disappeared in 19th century.
- Iglesia de San Benito: Gothic church built under the patronage of Alonso II de Fonseca, pantheon of the Maldonado family.
- Iglesia de San Julián: Romanesque church subsequently restored.
- Iglesia de San Marcos: Romanesque church near the path which ran the North walls of the city. Outside cicular plant has three naves and apses inside.
- Iglesia de San Martín: Romanesque church with Gothic reforms, Renaissance and Baroque, attached to the Plaza Mayor.
- Iglesia de San Pablo: Baroque church belonging to the former convent of the Trinitarians, houses the image of Jesus Rescued, much venerated in the city. Parish hosts, governed by the Diocesan Laborer Priests.
- Iglesia de Santo Tomás Cantuariense: Romanesque church founded in honor of St. Thomas, Archbishop of Canterbury in 1175, just five years after his death and two after his canonization. It has three apses and a nave with a wooden roof. Form Parish along with St. Paul, governed by the Diocesan Laborer Priests.
University
In 1218, Alfonso IX of León founded the University of Salamanca. Under the patronage of the learned Alfonso X, its wealth and reputation greatly increased (1252–1282), and its schools of canon law and civil law attracted students even from the Universities of Paris and Bologna.[when?] In the 16th century, the city's fortunes depended on those of the university. About the time Christopher Columbus was lecturing there on his discoveries, Hernán Cortés took classes at Salamanca, but returned home in 1501 at age 17, without completing his course of study. (About ten years later the conquistador Francisco Vásquez de Coronado was born in Salamanca.)
It was scholars of the University such as Francisco de Vitoria who, heavily influenced by the Paris-based Scottish philosopher John Mair, helped design in 1512 the Laws of Burgos which established the right to life and liberty of the indigenous peoples of America.
Ignatius Loyola, while studying at Salamanca in 1527, was brought before an ecclesiastical commission on a charge of sympathy with the Illuminati, but escaped with an admonition. In the next generation St. John of the Cross studied at Salamanca and so did the poet and writer Mateo Aleman. Miguel de Unamuno was a prominent figure of the university in more modern times.
Many people continue to come from all parts of Spain to study at the University, and the students represent a significant percentage of the city's population (the University has 36,000 students, approximately). The support of the student population is one of the most important economic activities in the city. These young people (also consisting of international students studying the Spanish language) provide Salamanca with a highly active night life, specially when school is in session on both weekdays and weekends. Among the American universities that sponsor significant summer semester programs are Wake Forest University, Lamar University of Beaumont,Texas and Lamar State College of Port Arthur,Texas and the University of Georgia. This has led Salamanca to be in the top list of cities with the highest bar per inhabitant ratios in Europe, second to Bilbao [citation needed].
Geography
The city lies on several hills by the Tormes River, which is crossed by a bridge 150 m long built on 26 arches, fifteen of which are of Roman origin, while the remainder date from the a 16th century reconstruction after a flood.
Climate
Salamanca's climate is Continental Mediterranean, with cold winters, and hot summers softened by the altitude and dry throughout the year.
Economy
The city's economy is dominated by the university and tourism, but other sectors including agriculture and livestock rearing along with construction and manufacturing are also significant. Not surprisingly, in December 2007 82.7% of the working population, equivlant to 55,838, were employed in the service sector.[4]
Agriculture and livestock rearing
The 125 agricultural sector businesses accounted for 839 workers in 2007, or just 1.24% of the working population.
Industry
Industrial activity accounted for 5% of the working population, or 3,340 workers employed over 360 businesses.[4] Two of the largest businesses, both of them numbered among the largest 100 enterprises in the region, are the veterinary vaccine manufacturer "Laboratorios Intervet", and the fertilizer specialist manufacturers S.A. Mirat, which is the city's oldest industrial company, having been established originally as a starch factory in 1812.[5] Another noteworthy manufacturing business is Luchina - Lizetta, a manufacturer of lingerie and swimwear founded in 1952.[4]
Communications
Railroad
Renfe has trains to national destinations like Madrid, Barcelona, Valladolid, Zaragoza, while international destinations are Paris (via Irun), Porto and Lisbon
Road
Highways
- A50: Autovía de la Cultura: Ávila - Salamanca
- A62: Autovía de Castilla: Burgos - Valladolid - Salamanca - Ciudad Rodrigo.
- A66: Autovía Ruta de la Plata: Gijón - Oviedo - Mieres - Puerto de Pajares - León - Benavente - Zamora - Salamanca - Béjar - Plasencia - Mérida - Sevilla.
- SA-11: North access to Salamanca.
- SA-20: South access to Salamanca.
Other roads
- N-501: Ávila - Peñaranda de Bracamonte - Salamanca.
- N-620: Burgos - Venta de Baños - Valladolid - Tordesillas - Salamanca - Ciudad Rodrigo - Portugal.
Airport
The airport, located in the military base of Matacán, is located about 14 km east from the city. Thera are regular flights to Barcelona, Paris, and charter flights to Palma de Mallorca and the Canary Islands. In the summer there are also regular flights to Palma de Mallorca, Menorca, Gran Canaria, Málaga and Ibiza.
Public transport
There are 13 bus lines during the day and one night line. Also, a tram line has been projected.[6]
Culture and sports
| UNESCO World Heritage Site | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Criteria | Cultural: i, ii, iv |
| Reference | 381 |
| Inscription | 1988 (12th Session) |
In 2002 Salamanca shared the title of European Capital of Culture with Bruges. Salamanca is a popular tourist destination, especially in the summer. Tourism is the primary economic activity in the city.
Salamanca offers the amenities of a larger city while retaining an intimate small town atmosphere. Since 1923, "Los Charros", formally the Union Deportiva Salamanca, have been the Salamanca football team.
Salamanca was the setting for the 2008 political thriller Vantage Point, although the movie was almost exclusively filmed in Mexico.
The classic dish of the Salamancan, known as Charreria ("peasant lands"), is a cocido, a baked casserole of garbanzo beans.
A traditional Salmantinian celebration is the Lunes de Aguas, "Water Monday", the Monday after the Sunday following Easter. Originally this served to celebrate the official allowance of the authorities for the prostitutes to return to the city after Lent and Easter. All the shops close and Salmantinos picnic in the countryside to eat a kind of pie called "hornazo".
Town twinning
Bruges, Belgium
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Coimbra, Portugal- Gijón, Asturies, Spain
- Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
Nîmes, France
Würzburg, Germany
See also
References
- ^ http://www.espanolensalamanca.com Spanish in Salamanca
- ^ http://www.elcastellano.org/noticia.php?id=972
- ^ http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2008/07/02/castillayleon/1215017453.html
- ^ a b c "Salamanca - Datos Económicos y Sociales" (PDF). 2009. Retrieved 2011.
{{cite web}}:|first=missing|last=(help); Check date values in:|access-date=(help) Cite error: The named reference "CE" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page). - ^ "MIRAT Historia Antecedentes". Retrieved 2011.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|access-date=(help) - ^ Presentan un estudio de viabilidad para la implantación del tranvía en Salamanca
External links
Media related to Salamanca at Wikimedia Commons
- Official Tourist Information Office
- Wiki of the city of Salamanca
- General information on Salamanca
- Salamanca travel guide
- Salamanca: Spain's answer to Oxford by The Guardian
Museums (among many other without a webpage):
