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[[Image:Taull001.jpg|right|150px|thumb|[[Sant Climent de Taüll|Saint Clement of Taüll]] in [[Catalonia]], [[Spain]].]] |
[[Image:Taull001.jpg|right|150px|thumb|[[Sant Climent de Taüll|Saint Clement of Taüll]] in [[Catalonia]], [[Spain]].]] |
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[[Image:Egidio.JPG|150px|thumb|[[Priorato di Sant'Egidio|Saint Egidio]], [[Sotto il Monte Giovanni XXIII|Fontanella]], in [[Lombardy]], [[Italy]].]] |
[[Image:Egidio.JPG|150px|thumb|[[Priorato di Sant'Egidio|Saint Egidio]], [[Sotto il Monte Giovanni XXIII|Fontanella]], in [[Lombardy]], [[Italy]].]] |
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One of the first streams of [[Romanesque architecture]] in Europe from the 10th century and the beginning of 11th century is called '''First Romanesque''' or '''Lombard Romanesque'''. It took place in the [[Lombardy]] ([[Northern Italy]]), in the regions of [[Girona]], [[Lleida]] and [[Huesca]] (the [[Spanish Mark]]), and in the south of [[France]]. Its principal decoration for the exterior, bands of ornamental blind arches are called [[lombard band]]s. It was characterized by thick walls and lack of sculpture in facades, and with interiors profusely painted with frescoes. |
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'''First Romanesque''' is the name due to [[Josep Puig i Cadafalch]] to refer to the Romanesque art developed in [[Catalonia]] since the late 10th century. |
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[[Catalan people|Catalan]] [[architect]] [[Josep Puig i Cadafalch]] suggested that what was formerly considered the late form of [[Pre-Romanesque]] architecture of [[Catalonia]] and [[Aragón]] bore features of Romanesque and thus classified it as First Romanesque (''primer romànic''). The First Romanesque churches of the [[Vall de Boí]] were declared a [[World Heritage Site]] by [[UNESCO]] in November 2000. |
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The geographical proximity of this Iberian region to the rest of [[Europe]] was brought in Catalonia demonstrations of the emerging [[Romanesque art]]. While the art failed to take root in the rest of the Iberian Peninsula until the second third of the 11th century in the [[Catalan counties]] are numerous examples above, if not fully Romanesque, do contain many of the defining characteristics of this artistic style. |
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To avoid the term ''[[Pre-Romanesque art and architecture|Pre-Romanesque]]'' often used with a meaning much broader than generally fits to early Medieval and [[Early Christian art and architecture|early Christian art]], and in Spain the [[Visigothic art and architecture|Visigothic]], [[Asturian architecture|Asturias]], [[Mozarabic art and architecture|Mozarabic]] and [[Repoblación]], Puig i Cadafalch preferred to use the term "First Romanesque" or "first Romanesque art" to designate those Catalan anticipations of the Romanesque itself. This term is now commonly accepted. |
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During the first quarter of the 11th century can be seen a great architectural activity by groups composed of Lombard teachers and stonemasons who worked in all Catalan territory, erecting temples fairly uniforms.<ref>The [[Monastery of Santa Maria de Roses]] of 1022 it is the oldest of Lombard features in Catalonia</ref> The large impeller and diffuser (and sponsor) of this art was [[Abbot Oliva|Oliva]], monk and abbot of the [[Santa Maria de Ripoll|monastery of Ripoll]], which in 1032 ordered extending this building with a body up front where two towers, plus a cruise which included seven apses, all decorated the outside with Lombard ornamentation of blind arches and vertical strips. |
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==List of First Romanesque buildings== |
==List of First Romanesque buildings== |
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*[[St Philibert at Tournus]] |
*[[St Philibert at Tournus]] |
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*[[Saint-Martin-du-Canigou]], begun 1001 |
*[[Saint-Martin-du-Canigou]], begun 1001 |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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==Sources== |
==Sources== |
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{{commons|Romanico lombardo| |
{{commons|Romanico lombardo|First Romanesque}} |
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* Armi, Edson. ''Orders and Continuous Orders in Romanesque Architecture.'', Department of Art, University of Chicago. Oct 1975. pp. 173-188. |
* Armi, Edson. ''Orders and Continuous Orders in Romanesque Architecture.'', Department of Art, University of Chicago. Oct 1975. pp. 173-188. |
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* Kostof, Spiro. ''A History of Architecture.'', Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995. |
* Kostof, Spiro. ''A History of Architecture.'', Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995. |
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Revision as of 23:21, 10 March 2011
First Romanesque is the name due to Josep Puig i Cadafalch to refer to the Romanesque art developed in Catalonia since the late 10th century.
The geographical proximity of this Iberian region to the rest of Europe was brought in Catalonia demonstrations of the emerging Romanesque art. While the art failed to take root in the rest of the Iberian Peninsula until the second third of the 11th century in the Catalan counties are numerous examples above, if not fully Romanesque, do contain many of the defining characteristics of this artistic style.
To avoid the term Pre-Romanesque often used with a meaning much broader than generally fits to early Medieval and early Christian art, and in Spain the Visigothic, Asturias, Mozarabic and Repoblación, Puig i Cadafalch preferred to use the term "First Romanesque" or "first Romanesque art" to designate those Catalan anticipations of the Romanesque itself. This term is now commonly accepted.
During the first quarter of the 11th century can be seen a great architectural activity by groups composed of Lombard teachers and stonemasons who worked in all Catalan territory, erecting temples fairly uniforms.[1] The large impeller and diffuser (and sponsor) of this art was Oliva, monk and abbot of the monastery of Ripoll, which in 1032 ordered extending this building with a body up front where two towers, plus a cruise which included seven apses, all decorated the outside with Lombard ornamentation of blind arches and vertical strips.
List of First Romanesque buildings
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Italy
- San Pietro in Agliate (near Monza) built in 875, considered to be the probable first church with elements of Lombard Romanesque.
- Priorato di Sant'Egidio
- Basilica di Santa Giulia
- Priorato di Piona
- Baptistry of Velezzo Lomellina
- Sant'Ambrogio in Milan c. 1048
Spain
- Catalonia
- Sant Pere de Roda, founded 943, started construction c. 950
- Ripoll Monastery. Finished and consecrated in 977
- Church of St. Vicenç in Cardona, started in 1029 and consecrated in 1040
- Sant Cristòfol of Beget
- Sant Pere of Besalú
- Sant Vicenç of Besalú
- Monastery of Sant Miquel of Cruïlles
- Sant Vicenç of Espinelves
- Part of Girona's Cathedral
- Monastery of Sant Pere de Galligans in Girona
- Sant Nicolau in Girona
- Saint Cecil of Molló
- Church of Sant Joan in Palau-saverdera
- Monastery of Sant Quirze of Colera in Rabós d'Empordá
- Monastery of Sant Aniol d'Aguja
- Monastery of Santa Maria of Vilabertran
- Churches of Saint Mary and Saint Clement of Taüll, Sant Feliu, Sant Joan de Boí, Santa Maria de l'Assumpció, Santa Maria de Cardet, la Nativitat de Durro, Ermita de Sant Quiric and Santa Eulàlia, in Vall de Boí,
- Churches of Santa Maria, Sant Pere and Sant Miquel in Terrassa
- Huesca
- Church of Saint Caprasio (Saint Caprasius) in Santa Cruz de la Serós (Huesca)
- Monastery of San Pedro de Siresa (Huesca)
- Church of San Adrián de Sasave (Huesca)
- Church of Baros (Huesca)
- Church of Asieso (Huesca)
- Church of Binacua (Huesca)
- Churches of the Serrablo (Huesca), discussed if Romanesque or Mozarab: Ordovés, Rasal, Lasieso, Arto, Isún, Satué, Lárrade, San Juan de Busa, Oliván, Orós Bajo, Susín, Basarán (now in Formigal), Otal, S. Juan de Espierre and San Bartolomé de Gavín
- Valladolid
- Nuestra Señora de la Anunciada Hermitage, in Urueña
France
- Saint-Etienne church in Vignory 1050-1057
- St Philibert at Tournus
- Saint-Martin-du-Canigou, begun 1001
References
- ^ The Monastery of Santa Maria de Roses of 1022 it is the oldest of Lombard features in Catalonia
Sources
Wikimedia Commons has media related to First Romanesque.
- Armi, Edson. Orders and Continuous Orders in Romanesque Architecture., Department of Art, University of Chicago. Oct 1975. pp. 173-188.
- Kostof, Spiro. A History of Architecture., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.
- Chueca Goitia, Fernando Historia de la Arquitectura Española, Edad Antigua y Media Editorial DOSSAT, 1965. Chapter: El primer arte románico. pp. 148-156. ISBN 84-923918-4-7
- Chueca Goitia, Fernando Historia de la Arquitectura occidental: Edad Media cristiana en España Ed. DOSSAT, 2000. ISBN 84-95312-35-2
- Yarza, Joaquín Arte y arquitectura en España, 500-1250 Manuales arte Cátedra, 1997. ISBN 84-376-0200-9