Pied kingfisher: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Species of bird}} |
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{{Speciesbox |
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| name = Pied kingfisher |
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| image = {{CSS image crop|Image= Pied kingfisher (Ceryle rudis leucomelanurus) male.jpg|bSize=260|cWidth=220|cHeight=220|oTop=30|oLeft=15|Location=center}} |
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| image_caption = male |
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| image2 = Pied kingfisher (Ceryle rudis leucomelanurus) female.jpg |
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| image2_caption = Female<br/>both ''C. r. leucomelanurus''<br/>[[Chambal River]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India |
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| status = LC |
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| status_system = IUCN3.1 |
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| status_ref = <ref>{{cite iucn | author = BirdLife International | author-link = BirdLife International | title = ''Ceryle rudis'' | volume= 2017 | page = e.T22683645A40559750 | date = 2017 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T22683645A40559750.en}}</ref> |
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| display_parents = 2 |
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| parent_authority = [[Friedrich Boie|F. Boie]], 1828 |
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| taxon = Ceryle rudis |
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| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]) |
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| synonyms = *''Alcedo rudis'' {{small|Linnaeus, 1758}} |
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}} |
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The '''pied kingfisher''' (''Ceryle rudis'') is a species of [[water kingfisher]] widely distributed across Africa and Asia. Originally described by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1758, it has five recognised subspecies. Its black and white plumage and crest, as well as its habit of hovering over clear lakes and rivers before diving for fish, make it distinctive. Males have a double band across the breast, while females have a single [[Glossary of bird terms#gorget|gorget]] that is often broken in the middle. They are usually found in pairs or small family groups. When perched, they often bob their head and flick up their tail. |
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==Taxonomy and evolution== |
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The pied kingfisher was one of the many [[Aves in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae|bird species originally described]] by [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] in the landmark 1758 [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|10th edition]] of his ''[[Systema Naturae]]'', who noted that it lived in Persia and Egypt. He named it ''Alcedo rudis''.<ref>{{cite book |last= Linnaeus |first=Carl |author-link= Carl Linnaeus |title= Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis |publisher= (Laurentii Salvii) |location= [[Stockholm|Holmiae]] |volume=I |edition= 10th revised |language= Latin |date= 1758 |page= 116 |url= https://archive.org/stream/carolilinnaeisy00gesegoog#page/n125/mode/1up |via= The [[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> The German naturalist [[Friedrich Boie]] erected the genus ''Ceryle'' in 1828.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Boie | first=Friedrich | author-link=Friedrich Boie | date=1828 | title=Bemerkungen über mehrere neu Vogelgattungen | journal=Isis von Oken | volume=21 | at=Col 316| language=German |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13244886}}</ref> The name is from classical Greek ''kērulos'', an unidentified and probably mythical bird mentioned by Aristotle and other authors. The specific epithet ''rudis'' is Latin for "wild" or "rude".<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | date=2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url=https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn= 978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n97 97], 341}}</ref> |
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The pied kingfisher is the only member of the genus ''Ceryle''. Molecular analysis shows it is an early offshoot of the lineage that gave rise to American kingfishers of the genus ''[[Chloroceryle]]''.<ref name=moyle/> The pied kingfisher was initially believed to be descended from an ancestral [[American green kingfisher]] which crossed the Atlantic Ocean about one million years ago.<ref>{{cite journal| last=Fry | first=C. H.| title=The origin of Afrotropical kingfishers | journal=Ibis | volume=122|issue=1|pages=57–74| date=1980 | doi=10.1111/j.1474-919X.1980.tb00871.x}}</ref> A more recent suggestion is that the pied kingfisher and the American green kingfishers are derived from an Old World species, with the pied kingfisher or its ancestor losing the metallic colouration afterwards.<ref name=moyle>{{cite journal|author=Moyle, Robert G. |date=2006| title= A molecular phylogeny of kingfishers (Alcedinidae) with insights into early biogeographic history| journal=Auk | volume=123 | issue=2 | pages=487–499 | doi=10.1642/0004-8038(2006)123[487:AMPOKA]2.0.CO;2|hdl=1808/16596| url=https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/bitstream/1808/16596/1/MoyleR_Auk_123%282%29487.pdf | hdl-access=free }}</ref> |
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There are five [[subspecies]]:<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | date=2017 | title=Rollers, ground rollers & kingfishers | work=World Bird List Version 7.2 | url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/rollers/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=17 May 2017 }}</ref> |
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* ''C. r. syriacus'' <small>Roselaar, 1995</small> – Turkey to Israel east to southwest Iran (some ornithologists do not recognise this subspecies)<ref name=kasparek>{{cite journal |date=1996 |title=On the identity of ''Ceryle rudis syriaca'' | journal=Journal für Ornithologie | volume=137 | pages=357–358 | issue=3 |doi=10.1007/BF01651075 |last1=Kasparek |first1=Max |s2cid=39575753 }}</ref><ref name=hbw>{{cite web | last=Woodall | first=P. F. | title=Pied Kingfisher (''Ceryle rudis'') | date=2017 | editor1-last=del Hoyo | editor1-first=J. | editor2-last=Elliott | editor2-first=A. | editor3-last=Sargatal | editor3-first=J. | editor4-last=Christie | editor4-first=D. A. | editor5-last=de Juana | editor5-first=E. | work=Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive | publisher=Lynx Edicions | url=http://www.hbw.com/node/55812 | access-date=25 May 2017 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> |
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* ''C. r. rudis'' <small>(Linnaeus, 1758)</small> – Egypt and Africa south of the Sahara |
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* ''C. r. leucomelanurus'' <small>[[Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach|Reichenbach]], 1851</small> – east Afghanistan through India to south China and north Indochina |
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* ''C. r. travancoreensis'' <small>[[Hugh Whistler|Whistler]], 1935</small> – southwest India<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Pittie | first1=A. | last2=Dickinson | first2=E. E. | date=2010 | title=Authorship of new names proposed in papers by Whistler & Kinnear, entitled 'The Vernay Scientific Survey of the Eastern Ghats (Ornithological Section)', during 1930–1937 | journal=Indian Birds | volume=6 | issue=6 | pages=158–161 | url=http://indianbirds.in/pdfs/Pittie&Dickinson_VernaySurvey.pdf }}</ref> |
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* ''C. r. insignis'' <small>[[Ernst Hartert|Hartert]], 1910</small> – east and southeast China, [[Hainan|Hainan Island]] |
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==Description== |
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This is a medium-sized kingfisher, about {{cvt|25|cm}} long with a white with a black mask, a white [[supercilium]] and black breast bands. The crest is neat and the upperparts are barred in black. Several subspecies are recognized within the broad distribution. The nominate race is found in sub-Saharan Africa, extending into West Asia. The subspecies ''syriacus'' is a larger northern bird similar to the nominate subspecies (following [[Bergmann's rule]]).<ref name=kasparek/> Subspecies ''leucomelanura'' is found from Afghanistan east into [[India]], Thailand and Southeast Asia. The subspecies ''travancoreensis'' of the Western Ghats is darker with the white reduced. The subspecies ''C. r. insignis'' is found in Hainan and southeastern China and has a much larger bill. Males have a narrow second breast-band while females have a single broken breast band.<ref name=pcr>{{cite book |last1=Rasmussen | first1=P. C. | last2=Anderton | first2=J. C. | date=2005 | title=Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide | volume=2 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions| isbn=978-849655385-9 | pages=266–267}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|page= 167 |title= Check-list of the Birds of the World. Volume 5| author=Peters, J. L. |publisher=Harvard University Press| date=1955 |url=https://archive.org/stream/checklistofbirds51945pete#page/167/mode/1up}}</ref> |
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<gallery mode = packed heights = 130px> |
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Ceryle rudis MWNH 1249.JPG|Egg, Collection [[Museum Wiesbaden]] |
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Pied kingfisher (Ceryle rudis rudis) male immature.jpg|Immature male ''C. r. rudis''<br/>[[Uganda]] |
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Pied kingfisher (Ceryle rudis rudis) female.jpg|female ''C. r. rudis''<br/>[[the Gambia]] |
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Pied kingfisher (Ceryle rudis rudis) male.jpg|male ''C. r. rudis''<br/>[[Kazinga Channel]], [[Uganda]] |
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Pied kingfisher.jpg|female ''C. r. syriacus''<br/>[[Israel]] |
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Pilanesberg-Kingfisher.-001.ogv|''C. r. rudis'' eating a fish<br/>[[Pilanesberg Game Reserve]], [[South Africa]] |
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</gallery> |
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==Distribution== |
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It is common throughout sub-Saharan Africa and southern Asia from Turkey to India to China. It is resident, and most birds do not [[bird migration|migrate]], other than short-distance seasonal movements.<ref name=fry/> In India it is distributed mainly on the plains and is replaced in the higher hills of the Himalayas by the [[crested kingfisher]] (''Megaceryle lugubris'').<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Hong Kong Naturalist|date=1931|author=Hutson, H. P. W.| volume=2 |issue=2 |title= The Birds of Hong Kong. Part 6 |pages=85–89 |url=http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkjo/view/27/2700085.pdf}}</ref> |
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The pied kingfisher is estimated to be one of the three most numerous kingfishers in the world; the other two are the [[common kingfisher]] and [[collared kingfisher]]. It is a noisy bird, making it hard to miss.<ref name=fry>{{cite book | last1=Fry | first1=C. Hilary| last2=Fry | first2=Kathie| last3=Harris | first3=Alan | date=1992 | title=Kingfishers, Bee-eaters, and Rollers| publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-0-7136-8028-7 | pages=236–240 }}</ref> |
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==Behaviour== |
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When perched the pied kingfisher often bobs its heads up and down and will sometimes raise its tail and flick it downwards. It calls often with sharp ''{{Not a typo|chirruk chirruk}}'' notes.<ref name=hbk>{{cite book|author1=Ali, S. |author2=Ripley, S. D. |name-list-style=amp | title=Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan|title-link=Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan | volume=4 |edition= 2nd | isbn=9780195659375| pages=70–73 |date=1983 | publisher=Oxford University Press| place=New Delhi}}</ref> Unlike some kingfishers, it is quite gregarious, and forms large roosts at night.<ref>{{cite book |first=W. L. | last=Sclater | author-link=William Lutley Sclater | date=1903 | title=The Birds of South Africa | volume=3 |publisher=R.H. Porter | place=London |pages=73–76 |url=https://archive.org/stream/birdsofsouthafri03starrich#page/74/mode/2up/search/ceryle }}</ref> |
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===Feeding=== |
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This kingfisher feeds mainly on fish, although it will take [[crustacean]]s and large aquatic [[insect]]s such as dragonfly larvae.<ref>{{cite journal| last=Tjomlid | first=Steinar A. | date=1973 | title=Food preferences and feeding habits of the Pied Kingfisher ''Ceryle rudis'' |journal=Ornis Scandinavica|volume= 4|issue= 2 | pages=145–151 |doi=10.2307/3676115 |jstor=3676115 }}</ref> It usually hunts by hovering over the water to detect prey and diving vertically bill-first to capture fish. When not foraging, it has a straight rapid flight and have been observed flying at nearly 50 km/h.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Donald, C.H. |date=1929| title=The speed of the Indian Pied Kingfisher ''Ceryle rudis leucomelanura'' | journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|volume=33|issue=1|pages=204–205 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47859991}}</ref> |
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In [[Lake Victoria]] in East Africa the introduction of the [[Nile perch]] reduced the availability of [[haplochromine cichlid]]s which were formerly the preferred prey of these birds.<ref>{{cite journal| last1=Wanink | first1=Jan H. | last2=Goudswaard | first2=Kees (P. C.) | title=Effects of Nile perch (''Lates niloticus'') introduction into Lake Victoria, East Africa, on the diet of Pied Kingfishers (''Ceryle rudis'')| journal=Hydrobiologia | volume=279–280 |issue=1 | date=1994 |doi=10.1007/BF00027868| pages=367–376| s2cid=25284942 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227085978 }}</ref> |
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It can deal with prey without returning to a perch, often swallowing small prey in flight, and so can hunt over large water bodies or in estuaries that lack perches that are required by other kingfishers.<ref>{{cite journal| last=Douthwaite | first=R. J. | date=1982 | title=Changes in Pied Kingfisher (''Ceryle rudis'') feeding related to endosulfan pollution from tsetse fly control operations in the Okavango Delta, Botswana |journal=Journal of Applied Ecology | volume=19 | issue=1 |pages=133–141 |doi=10.2307/2402997 | jstor=2402997 }}</ref> |
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===Breeding=== |
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The breeding season is February to April. Its nest is a hole excavated in a vertical mud bank about five feet above water. The nest tunnel is four to five feet deep and ends in a chamber. Several birds may nest in the same vicinity. The usual clutch is three to six white eggs.<ref>{{cite book | last=Hume | first=A. O. | author-link=Allan Octavian Hume | date=1890 | title=The nests and eggs of Indian birds | volume=3 | edition=2nd |publisher=R. H. Porter | place=London | pages=8–11 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16925503 }}</ref> The pied kingfisher sometimes reproduces cooperatively, with young non-breeding birds from an earlier brood assisting parents or even unrelated older birds.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Investment and relatedness: A cost/benefit analysis of breeding and helping in the pied kingfisher (''Ceryle rudis'') |author=Reyer, Heinz-Ulrich|date=1984|journal=Animal Behaviour|volume=32 | issue=4| pages=1163–1178 |doi=10.1016/S0003-3472(84)80233-X|s2cid=53202094}}</ref> In India, nestlings have been found to be prone to maggot infestations (probably by ''[[Protocalliphora]]'' sp.)<ref>{{cite journal |last=McCann | first=C. |date=1932| title= Nestling of the Indian Pied Kingfisher (''Ceryle rudis'') attacked by larvae of parasitic fly | journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society | issue=4| pages=897–898| volume=35 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47859120 }}</ref> and in some areas to leeches.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Abdulali | last=Humayun |date=1939| title=Leeches attacking chicks of the Pied Kingfisher (''Ceryle rudis'' Linn.)| journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=41|issue=1|page=173 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47873532}}</ref> Nest holes may sometimes be used for roosting.<ref name=hbk/> |
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In 1947, British zoologist [[Hugh B. Cott]] noticed while skinning birds that hornets were attracted to certain birds but avoided the flesh of pied kingfishers. This led to a comparative study of edibility of birds and he suggested that more conspicuously plumaged birds may be less palatable. This suggestion was, however, not supported by a subsequent reanalysis of his data.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Cott, H. B.|date= 1947| title= The edibility of birds: illustrated by five years' experiments and observations (1941–1946) on the food preferences of the hornet, cat and man: and considered with special reference to the theories of adaptive coloration| journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London|volume=116|issue= 3–4| pages=371–524|doi= 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1947.tb00131.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.2307/3677074 |title=Are Bright Birds Distasteful? A Re-Analysis of H. B. Cott's Data on the Edibility of Birds|jstor=3677074|author=Gotmar, F|journal=Journal of Avian Biology |volume=25|issue=3| date=1994| pages=184–197}}</ref> |
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<gallery mode = packed heights = 120px> |
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Pied kingfisher (Ceryle rudis rudis) diving composite.jpg|Composite showing ''C. rudis rudis'' dive, [[the Gambia]] |
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Pied kingfisher fishing.jpg|A composite image showing the fishing - from hovering to dive |
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Pied kingfisher (Ceryle rudis rudis) eating fish.jpg|''C. r. rudis'' eating fish<br/>the Gambia |
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Pied kingfisher (Ceryle rudis rudis) female eating chick.jpg|female ''C. r. rudis'' eating chick<br/>[[Kazinga Channel]], [[Uganda]] |
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Pied kingfisher (Ceryle rudis rudis) male in flight.jpg|male ''C. r. rudis'' in flight<br/>[[Kazinga Channel]], [[Uganda]] |
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Pied kingfisher (Ceryle rudis rudis) on hippo.jpg|''C. r. rudis'' on hippo<br/>[[Kazinga Channel]], [[Uganda]] |
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File:Pied kingfisher 2.jpg |
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</gallery> |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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==Further reading== |
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*{{cite book | editor1-last=Cramp | editor1-first=Stanley | display-authors=etal | editor1-link=Stanley Cramp | date=1985 | chapter=''Ceryle rudis'' Pied Kingfisher | title=Handbook of the birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa. The Birds of the Western Palearctic. |volume=IV: Terns to Woodpeckers | place=Oxford | publisher=Oxford University Press | pages=723–731 | isbn=978-0-19-857507-8 }} |
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==External links== |
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{{Commons category|Ceryle rudis}} |
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{{Wikispecies|Ceryle rudis}} |
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* [http://sabap2.adu.org.za/docs/sabap1/428.pdf Pied Kingfisher] Species text in the ''Atlas of Southern African Birds'' |
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* [http://ibc.lynxeds.com/species/pied-kingfisher-ceryle-rudis Photos and video] |
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{{Cerylinae}} |
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{{Taxonbar |from=Q320043}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:kingfisher, pied}} |
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[[Category:Cerylinae|pied kingfisher]] |
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[[Category:Birds of China]] |
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[[Category:Birds of India]] |
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[[Category:Birds of Indochina]] |
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[[Category:Birds of Sub-Saharan Africa]] |
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[[Category:Birds of East Africa]] |
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[[Category:Birds described in 1758|pied kingfisher]] |
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[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]] |
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