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On March 25, 1948, Stewart was engaged in a simulated armed reconnaissance with a formation of other [[Tuskegee Airmen]] combat fighter pilots, flying from [[Greenville, South Carolina]]'s [[Shaw Air Force Base]] to their home base in [[Columbus, Ohio]]. When his [[P-47 Thunderbolt]] fighter suffered severe engine failure at 20,000 feet while flying over mountainous Eastern Kentucky through a thunderstorm, Stewart dropped down to 10,000 feet. Fearing potentially crashing his aircraft into the side of a mountain, Stewart bailed out of his aircraft which lacked an ejection seat.<ref> Herald-Leader. "WWII pilot to revisit site of Kentucky crash. Lee Mueller, EASTERN KENTUCKY BUREAU - VAN LEAR. JULY 08, 2005. http://africanamericangenealogy.blogspot.com/2005/07/wwii-pilot-to-revisit-site-of-kentucky.html </ref> He slid his canopy back, removed his seat belt, and directed the nose of his aircraft forward so that it would dip and safely eject Steward forward when he released the control stick. However, the slipstream struck Steward, pushing him back to the tail of his aircraft. His left leg hit the tail, fracturing it in two between the calf and ankle." After opening his chute while still in the clouds, Stewart coasted to ground, landing on top of a dead [[pine tree]] with his parachute hooked over its top and Stewart's body dangling two-feet above the ground through the tree's dead branches. While dangling, Stewart noticed that he had lost a shoe on his broken, bleeding leg. His otherwise white sock was now completely blood soaked. In shock, Stewart removed his white silk flying scarf, using it to make a tourniquet to stop his broken from bleeding profusely.<ref> Herald-Leader. "WWII pilot to revisit site of Kentucky crash. Lee Mueller, EASTERN KENTUCKY BUREAU - VAN LEAR. JULY 08, 2005. http://africanamericangenealogy.blogspot.com/2005/07/wwii-pilot-to-revisit-site-of-kentucky.html </ref>
On March 25, 1948, Stewart was engaged in a simulated armed reconnaissance with a formation of other [[Tuskegee Airmen]] combat fighter pilots, flying from [[Greenville, South Carolina]]'s [[Shaw Air Force Base]] to their home base in [[Columbus, Ohio]]. When his [[P-47 Thunderbolt]] fighter suffered severe engine failure at 20,000 feet while flying over mountainous Eastern Kentucky through a thunderstorm, Stewart dropped down to 10,000 feet. Fearing potentially crashing his aircraft into the side of a mountain, Stewart bailed out of his aircraft which lacked an ejection seat.<ref> Herald-Leader. "WWII pilot to revisit site of Kentucky crash. Lee Mueller, EASTERN KENTUCKY BUREAU - VAN LEAR. JULY 08, 2005. http://africanamericangenealogy.blogspot.com/2005/07/wwii-pilot-to-revisit-site-of-kentucky.html </ref> He slid his canopy back, removed his seat belt, and directed the nose of his aircraft forward so that it would dip and safely eject Steward forward when he released the control stick. However, the slipstream struck Steward, pushing him back to the tail of his aircraft. His left leg hit the tail, fracturing it in two between the calf and ankle." After opening his chute while still in the clouds, Stewart coasted to ground, landing on top of a dead [[pine tree]] with his parachute hooked over its top and Stewart's body dangling two-feet above the ground through the tree's dead branches. While dangling, Stewart noticed that he had lost a shoe on his broken, bleeding leg. His otherwise white sock was now completely blood soaked. In shock, Stewart removed his white silk flying scarf, using it to make a tourniquet to stop his broken from bleeding profusely.<ref> Herald-Leader. "WWII pilot to revisit site of Kentucky crash. Lee Mueller, EASTERN KENTUCKY BUREAU - VAN LEAR. JULY 08, 2005. http://africanamericangenealogy.blogspot.com/2005/07/wwii-pilot-to-revisit-site-of-kentucky.html </ref>


Steward had parachuted in the mountainous forest hills of [[Butcher Hollow, Kentucky]], a [[coal-mining]] [[unincorporated community|community]] in [[Johnson County, Kentucky]] and childhood home of then 16 year-old Loretta Webb who would become [[country music]] legend [[Loretta Lynn]]. Though it is unknown where she was at the time of the crash, Loretta's younger brother, Herman Webb, was riding in the bed of Lynn and Webb's father's pickup truck when Herman heard a massive explosion unlike anything they have ever heard before despite living in a coal camp used to loud blasts.<ref> Herald-Leader. "WWII pilot to revisit site of Kentucky crash. Lee Mueller, EASTERN KENTUCKY BUREAU - VAN LEAR. JULY 08, 2005. http://africanamericangenealogy.blogspot.com/2005/07/wwii-pilot-to-revisit-site-of-kentucky.html </ref> Stewart's vacated fighter plane flew across Lynn and Webb's family cemetery, crashing into a hilltop overlooking their home, creating a crater 10 or 15 feet deep.<ref> Herald-Leader. "WWII pilot to revisit site of Kentucky crash. Lee Mueller, EASTERN KENTUCKY BUREAU - VAN LEAR. JULY 08, 2005. http://africanamericangenealogy.blogspot.com/2005/07/wwii-pilot-to-revisit-site-of-kentucky.html </ref>
Steward had parachuted in the mountainous forest hills of [[Butcher Hollow, Kentucky]], a [[coal-mining]] [[unincorporated community|community]] in [[Johnson County, Kentucky]] and childhood home of then 16 year-old Loretta Webb who would become [[country music]] legend [[Loretta Lynn]]. Though it is unknown where she was at the time of the crash, Loretta's younger brother, Herman Webb, was riding in the bed of Lynn and Webb's father's pickup truck when Herman heard a massive explosion unlike anything they have ever heard before despite living in a coal camp used to loud blasts.<ref> Herald-Leader. "WWII pilot to revisit site of Kentucky crash. Lee Mueller, EASTERN KENTUCKY BUREAU - VAN LEAR. JULY 08, 2005. http://africanamericangenealogy.blogspot.com/2005/07/wwii-pilot-to-revisit-site-of-kentucky.html </ref> Stewart's vacated fighter plane flew across Lynn and Webb's family cemetery, crashing into a hilltop overlooking their home, creating a crater 10 or 15 feet deep.<ref> Herald-Leader. "WWII pilot to revisit site of Kentucky crash. Lee Mueller, EASTERN KENTUCKY BUREAU - VAN LEAR. JULY 08, 2005. http://africanamericangenealogy.blogspot.com/2005/07/wwii-pilot-to-revisit-site-of-kentucky.html </ref> One eyewitness to post-crash events saw Loretta's husband, [[Doolittle Lynn]], driving his Jeep with Stewart's plane propeller attached to the side. One of Loretta and Herman's uncles made rings from the aircraft's stainless steel nuts.<ref> Herald-Leader. "WWII pilot to revisit site of Kentucky crash. Lee Mueller, EASTERN KENTUCKY BUREAU - VAN LEAR. JULY 08, 2005. http://africanamericangenealogy.blogspot.com/2005/07/wwii-pilot-to-revisit-site-of-kentucky.html </ref>


Stewart was found by Lorretta Lynn and Herman Webb's 9-year-old neighbor, Callie Daniels (now [[octogenarian]] Callie Daniels Johnson of [[Hager Hill, Kentucky]], a retired elementary school cook)<ref> JOHNSON COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY. "JAMES LAFE DANIELS - 1910-1969." http://freepages.rootsweb.com/~kengen/genealogy/OBIT-2/DANIELS,JamesL.html </ref> who mistook Stewart's white parachute for a white eagle. Callie's father, Lafe Daniels (1910-1969),<ref> JOHNSON COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY. "JAMES LAFE DANIELS - 1910-1969." http://freepages.rootsweb.com/~kengen/genealogy/OBIT-2/DANIELS,JamesL.html </ref> hopped on one of his horses and found Stewart underneath a rock cliff with two fractured legs. Daniels put Stewart on the horse and took him to the Daniels family home where Lafe's wife, Mary Daniels, disinfected and bandaged Stewart's legs. After giving Stewart "all-purpose" [[moonshine]] for pain relief, Daniels loaded Stewart back on the horse and galloped on a mud and gravel road to a local store on the main road. From there, Stewart was loaded into a pickup truck and transported to the local Paintsville Clinic. The clinic's physician and his team washed and placed Stewart in a bed, administering Stewart morphine for pain. Stewart recalled being in a hallucinated state between the effects of the morphine and [[moonshine]]. As news circulated locally, people far an wide lined up to the clinic to view the African American pilot. The town's mayor visited Stewart, followed by the town's police chief, county sheriff and a Paintsville Herald news reporter ho ran a story about the crash of March 25, 1948. The article omitted Stewart's race.<ref> Herald-Leader. "WWII pilot to revisit site of Kentucky crash. Lee Mueller, EASTERN KENTUCKY BUREAU - VAN LEAR. JULY 08, 2005. http://africanamericangenealogy.blogspot.com/2005/07/wwii-pilot-to-revisit-site-of-kentucky.html </ref>
Stewart was found by Lorretta Lynn and Herman Webb's 9-year-old neighbor, Callie Daniels (now [[octogenarian]] Callie Daniels Johnson of [[Hager Hill, Kentucky]], a retired elementary school cook)<ref> JOHNSON COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY. "JAMES LAFE DANIELS - 1910-1969." http://freepages.rootsweb.com/~kengen/genealogy/OBIT-2/DANIELS,JamesL.html </ref> who mistook Stewart's white parachute for a white eagle. Callie's father, Lafe Daniels (1910-1969),<ref> JOHNSON COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY. "JAMES LAFE DANIELS - 1910-1969." http://freepages.rootsweb.com/~kengen/genealogy/OBIT-2/DANIELS,JamesL.html </ref> hopped on one of his horses and found Stewart underneath a rock cliff with two fractured legs. Daniels put Stewart on the horse and took him to the Daniels family home where Lafe's wife, Mary Daniels, disinfected and bandaged Stewart's legs. After giving Stewart "all-purpose" [[moonshine]] for pain relief, Daniels loaded Stewart back on the horse and galloped on a mud and gravel road to a local store on the main road. From there, Stewart was loaded into a pickup truck and transported to the local Paintsville Clinic. The clinic's physician and his team washed and placed Stewart in a bed, administering Stewart morphine for pain. Stewart recalled being in a hallucinated state between the effects of the morphine and [[moonshine]]. As news circulated locally, people far an wide lined up to the clinic to view the African American pilot. The town's mayor visited Stewart, followed by the town's police chief, county sheriff and a Paintsville Herald news reporter ho ran a story about the crash of March 25, 1948. The article omitted Stewart's race.<ref> Herald-Leader. "WWII pilot to revisit site of Kentucky crash. Lee Mueller, EASTERN KENTUCKY BUREAU - VAN LEAR. JULY 08, 2005. http://africanamericangenealogy.blogspot.com/2005/07/wwii-pilot-to-revisit-site-of-kentucky.html </ref>

Revision as of 21:23, 11 August 2021

Harry T. Stewart Jr.
Born1924
Newport News, Virginia, US
Occupations
  • Military officer
  • fighter pilot

Harry T. Stewart Jr (born 1924) is a retired U.S. Army Air Force officer, a Distinguished Flying Cross (United States) recipient, and one of World War II's most famous combat fighter pilots within the 332nd Fighter Group, best known as the all-African American Tuskegee Airmen, "Red Tails," or among enemy German pilots, “Schwartze Vogelmenschen” ("Black Birdmen").[1]

Stewart is well-known for shooting down three enemy German aircraft in one day.[2] He is one of only four Tuskegee Airmen to have earned three aerial victories in a single day of aerial combat: Joseph Elsberry, Clarence Lester, and Lee Archer (pilot).[3]

Stewart is also best known as a member of the all-African American 332nd Fighter Group Weapons pilot team that won the U.S. Air Force's inaugural "Top Gun" team competition in 1949.[4][5][6][7] Stewart, along with George Hardy (Tuskegee Airman), and fellow 1949 Top Gun winner James H. Harvey, are among the last surviving members of the Tuskegee Airmen.[8]

Stewart — along with every member of the Tuskegee Airmen — received the Congressional Gold Medal in 2007.[9] In 2019, Stewart co-wrote “Soaring to Glory: A Tuskegee Airman's Firsthand Account of World War II,” co-written by Philip Handleman.[10]

Early life

Stewart was born in Newport News, Virginia in 1924.[11]

After living near Langley Field, a United States Air Force base located between Hampton, Virginia and Newport News, Virginia, Stewart and his family moved to Queens, New York near LaGuardia Airport when he was two years old.[12][13][14]

Military Career, Tuskegee Airmen

At 18 years old, Stewart volunteered for the U.S. Army Air Corps, taking and passing the Pilot Cadet exam. On June 27, 1944, Stewart completed cadet pilot training, receiving his wings and graduating in the "Tuskegee Airmen" Class 44-F-SE.[13] Stewart learned to fly before he learned how to drive an automobile.[14]

After completing combat and fighter training at Walterboro Army Air Field in Walterboro, South Carolina, Stewart was assigned to the all-African American 332nd Fighter Group's 301st Fighter Squadron.[13] After being shipped off to France, Stewart and his fellow pilots sailed from Marseille, France to a port in Taranto, Italy onboard the luxurious cruise liner, Citie Doran.[15]

On April 1, 1945, Stewart shot down three enemy German Focke-Wulf 190s during a B-24 bomber escort mission near Linz, Austria. For this feat, the U.S. Army Air Corps awarded Stewart the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States). In all, Stewart completed 43 combat missions in the European Theater.[13] He is one of only four Tuskegee Airmen to have earned three aerial victories in a single day of combat: Joseph Elsberry, Clarence Lester, and Lee Archer (pilot).[16] Moreover, Stewart is one of only nine 332nd Fighter Group pilots with at least three confirmed kills during World War II:

Butcher Hollows Crash, Connection to Country legend Loretta Lynn

On March 25, 1948, Stewart was engaged in a simulated armed reconnaissance with a formation of other Tuskegee Airmen combat fighter pilots, flying from Greenville, South Carolina's Shaw Air Force Base to their home base in Columbus, Ohio. When his P-47 Thunderbolt fighter suffered severe engine failure at 20,000 feet while flying over mountainous Eastern Kentucky through a thunderstorm, Stewart dropped down to 10,000 feet. Fearing potentially crashing his aircraft into the side of a mountain, Stewart bailed out of his aircraft which lacked an ejection seat.[17] He slid his canopy back, removed his seat belt, and directed the nose of his aircraft forward so that it would dip and safely eject Steward forward when he released the control stick. However, the slipstream struck Steward, pushing him back to the tail of his aircraft. His left leg hit the tail, fracturing it in two between the calf and ankle." After opening his chute while still in the clouds, Stewart coasted to ground, landing on top of a dead pine tree with his parachute hooked over its top and Stewart's body dangling two-feet above the ground through the tree's dead branches. While dangling, Stewart noticed that he had lost a shoe on his broken, bleeding leg. His otherwise white sock was now completely blood soaked. In shock, Stewart removed his white silk flying scarf, using it to make a tourniquet to stop his broken from bleeding profusely.[18]

Steward had parachuted in the mountainous forest hills of Butcher Hollow, Kentucky, a coal-mining community in Johnson County, Kentucky and childhood home of then 16 year-old Loretta Webb who would become country music legend Loretta Lynn. Though it is unknown where she was at the time of the crash, Loretta's younger brother, Herman Webb, was riding in the bed of Lynn and Webb's father's pickup truck when Herman heard a massive explosion unlike anything they have ever heard before despite living in a coal camp used to loud blasts.[19] Stewart's vacated fighter plane flew across Lynn and Webb's family cemetery, crashing into a hilltop overlooking their home, creating a crater 10 or 15 feet deep.[20] One eyewitness to post-crash events saw Loretta's husband, Doolittle Lynn, driving his Jeep with Stewart's plane propeller attached to the side. One of Loretta and Herman's uncles made rings from the aircraft's stainless steel nuts.[21]

Stewart was found by Lorretta Lynn and Herman Webb's 9-year-old neighbor, Callie Daniels (now octogenarian Callie Daniels Johnson of Hager Hill, Kentucky, a retired elementary school cook)[22] who mistook Stewart's white parachute for a white eagle. Callie's father, Lafe Daniels (1910-1969),[23] hopped on one of his horses and found Stewart underneath a rock cliff with two fractured legs. Daniels put Stewart on the horse and took him to the Daniels family home where Lafe's wife, Mary Daniels, disinfected and bandaged Stewart's legs. After giving Stewart "all-purpose" moonshine for pain relief, Daniels loaded Stewart back on the horse and galloped on a mud and gravel road to a local store on the main road. From there, Stewart was loaded into a pickup truck and transported to the local Paintsville Clinic. The clinic's physician and his team washed and placed Stewart in a bed, administering Stewart morphine for pain. Stewart recalled being in a hallucinated state between the effects of the morphine and moonshine. As news circulated locally, people far an wide lined up to the clinic to view the African American pilot. The town's mayor visited Stewart, followed by the town's police chief, county sheriff and a Paintsville Herald news reporter ho ran a story about the crash of March 25, 1948. The article omitted Stewart's race.[24]

At 1 a.m. on March 26, 1948, a U. S. Air Force representative from Columbus, Ohio arrived at the Paintsville Clinic and-transported Stewart back to base without any fanfare or formal sendoff from the community.[25]

Stewart's wife, Dephine, did not find out about her husband's mountainous aircraft crash until Stewart arrived back to their home.[26]

For many years afterwards, local legend, though patently false, held that the U.S. Air Force shot down a stolen B-52 bomber; the alleged culprit: an African American man.[27][28][29] However, in 2005, Danny Keith Blevins, a Johnson County, Kentucky teacher and president of the Van Lear Historical Society,-tracked down an aged Stewart in southern Michigan immediately after Stewart had completed his first solo fight in a power glider.[30] Stewart was bemused when Blevins shared the local "stolen B-52" legend; Stewart knew that the B-52s didn't even exist in 1948.[31]

Winner of the 1949 "Top Gun Competition"

In January 1949, the Chief of Staff of the U.S. Air Force sent out a directive to each Air Force group requesting their participation in an aerial weapons competition. Four months later in May 1949, Stewart joined the 332nd Fighter Group three-member propeller division pilot team to compete at the U.S. Air Force's inaugural "Top Gun" team competition held at the Las Vegas Air Force Base (now Nellis Air Force Base.[4][5][6][7][32][33]

A grueling 10-day event, the competition comprised six events: aerial gunnery at 20,000 feet, aerial gunnery at 12,000 feet, dive bombing, skip bombing, rocketing firing, and panel strafing.[4][5] His team lead from start to finish.[4][34]

Stewart's team included the 99th Squadron's James H. Harvey (Born 1924), the 300th Squadron's Captain Alva Temple (September 5, 1917 – August 28, 2004), 99th Squadron's First Lieutenant 99th Squadron's First Lieutenant Halbert Alexander (June 12, 1922 – March 25, 1953),[35] who served as an alternate pilot, and Staff Sergeant Buford A. Johnson (August 30, 1927 – April 15, 2017) who served as the team's aircraft crew chief.[32][36][37]

The results (including the 3-foot high winning silver trophy stashed in a Wright Patterson Air Force Base Museum storage area for 55 years), were absent from the Air Force archives until 1995.[2][4] Flying in obsolete F-47Ns, a variant of the Republic P-47 Thunderbolt, Stewart and his team won against U.S. Air Force fighter group teams in far more advanced aircraft.[2] Stewart's team member, James H. Harvey remarked: "They knew who won, but did not want to recognize us."[5][32]

Later Military Career, Heart Murmur

In 1950, Stewart received an honorable discharge from active duty. He served in the Reserves for several years, retiring as a Lieutenant Colonel.[13]

Stewart remarked that he hid from his military doctors a heart murmur and a childhood bout with polio.[12]

Post Military Career, Book Author

After returning from World War II, Stewart worked as a baggage man for a train depot.[38] He also applied to become a pilot in the commercial airline industry; however, two separate airlines, including the defunct Trans World Airlines, denied Stewart because of his race.[39] As recompense, Delta Airlines and American Airlines granted Stewart honorary Captain status in 2015 and 2018, respectively.[39][40]

As a backup plan, Stewart completed his high school diploma and enrolled at New York University (NYU), graduating with a degree in mechanical engineering.[39][41] While at NYU, Stewart served as President of NYU’s student council and chair of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.[13]

Stewart retired as Vice President of the ANR Pipeline Company (formerly the Michigan-Wisconsin Pipe Line Company) in Detroit, Michigan, a large-scale interstate natural gas pipeline system operations.[13]

In 2019, Stewart co-wrote “Soaring to Glory: A Tuskegee Airman's Firsthand Account of World War II,” co-written by Philip Handleman.[10]

A widower, Stewart currently lives in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan with his daughter, Lori Collette Stewart.[12][42][39] Lori worked as a technician on CBS' Survivor TV reality series.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Tuskegee Airmen Pilot Roster". CAF Rise Above. CAF Rise Above. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
  2. ^ a b c Cafe Rise Above. "James H. Harvey III'". https://cafriseabove.org/james-h-harvey-iii/
  3. ^ Tuskegee Airmen. "LEGACY - THE PEOPLE." https://tuskegeeairmen.org/legacy/the-people/
  4. ^ a b c d e YouTube. American Veterans Center. "Tuskegee Top Gun' James Harvey, the First African American Jet Combat Pilot." Interview with James H. Harvey III. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VqA1ihi_0MU
  5. ^ a b c d The Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. "Wall of Honor Level: Air and Space Friend/Dedicated Panel: Tuskegee Airmen - Mr. James H. Harvey, III." https://airandspace.si.edu/support/wall-of-honor/james-h-harvey-iii
  6. ^ a b Tuskegee Top Gun. http://tuskegeetopgun.com/attitude.php
  7. ^ a b The American Veterans Center. "Lt. Col. James H. Harvey III." https://www.americanveteranscenter.org/2020/05/tuskegee-airman-james-harvey-the-militarys-first-top-gun/
  8. ^ An Interview with 95-Year-Old Tuskegee Airman Lt. Col. Harry Stewart" History on the Net. © 2000-2021, Salem Media. June 25, 2021. https://www.historyonthenet.com/interview-94-year-old-tuskegee-airman-lt-col-harry-stewart.
  9. ^ The Times Leader. "Saluting an American Hero." Dan Stokes. May 8, 2019. https://www.timesleader.com/top-stories/742830/saluting-an-american-hero
  10. ^ a b Soaring to Glory A Tuskegee Airman's Firsthand Account of World War II. Philip Handleman with Harry T. Stewart Jr. June, 2021. ISBN 9781684511914. https://www.regnery.com/9781684511914/soaring-to-glory/#:~:text=Soaring%20to%20Glory%20A%20Tuskegee%20Airman%27s%20Firsthand%20Account,back%20in%20the%20cockpit%20of%20my%20P-51C%20%27Kitten%27%21
  11. ^ Community Walk. “Tuskegee Airmen.” [1] F
  12. ^ a b c Michigan Radio. "Tuskegee Airman discusses service and discrimination in new book." STATESIDE STAFF. NOV 11, 2019. https://www.michiganradio.org/post/tuskegee-airman-discusses-service-and-discrimination-new-book
  13. ^ a b c d e f g Cafe Rise Above. “Harry T. Stewart Jr.” “https://cafriseabove.org/harry-t-stewart-jr/
  14. ^ a b WAMC. WWII Through The Eyes Of A Tuskegee Airman. Transcript version. JIM LEVULIS. MAY 25, 2020 https://www.wamc.org/post/wwii-through-eyes-tuskegee-airman
  15. ^ History Net. “You'll Never Believe What This Tuskegee Airman Accomplished In His First Dogfight.” https://www.historynet.com/tuskag+.ee-airman-harry-stewarts-triple.htm
  16. ^ Tuskegee Airmen. "LEGACY - THE PEOPLE." https://tuskegeeairmen.org/legacy/the-people/
  17. ^ Herald-Leader. "WWII pilot to revisit site of Kentucky crash. Lee Mueller, EASTERN KENTUCKY BUREAU - VAN LEAR. JULY 08, 2005. http://africanamericangenealogy.blogspot.com/2005/07/wwii-pilot-to-revisit-site-of-kentucky.html
  18. ^ Herald-Leader. "WWII pilot to revisit site of Kentucky crash. Lee Mueller, EASTERN KENTUCKY BUREAU - VAN LEAR. JULY 08, 2005. http://africanamericangenealogy.blogspot.com/2005/07/wwii-pilot-to-revisit-site-of-kentucky.html
  19. ^ Herald-Leader. "WWII pilot to revisit site of Kentucky crash. Lee Mueller, EASTERN KENTUCKY BUREAU - VAN LEAR. JULY 08, 2005. http://africanamericangenealogy.blogspot.com/2005/07/wwii-pilot-to-revisit-site-of-kentucky.html
  20. ^ Herald-Leader. "WWII pilot to revisit site of Kentucky crash. Lee Mueller, EASTERN KENTUCKY BUREAU - VAN LEAR. JULY 08, 2005. http://africanamericangenealogy.blogspot.com/2005/07/wwii-pilot-to-revisit-site-of-kentucky.html
  21. ^ Herald-Leader. "WWII pilot to revisit site of Kentucky crash. Lee Mueller, EASTERN KENTUCKY BUREAU - VAN LEAR. JULY 08, 2005. http://africanamericangenealogy.blogspot.com/2005/07/wwii-pilot-to-revisit-site-of-kentucky.html
  22. ^ JOHNSON COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY. "JAMES LAFE DANIELS - 1910-1969." http://freepages.rootsweb.com/~kengen/genealogy/OBIT-2/DANIELS,JamesL.html
  23. ^ JOHNSON COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY. "JAMES LAFE DANIELS - 1910-1969." http://freepages.rootsweb.com/~kengen/genealogy/OBIT-2/DANIELS,JamesL.html
  24. ^ Herald-Leader. "WWII pilot to revisit site of Kentucky crash. Lee Mueller, EASTERN KENTUCKY BUREAU - VAN LEAR. JULY 08, 2005. http://africanamericangenealogy.blogspot.com/2005/07/wwii-pilot-to-revisit-site-of-kentucky.html
  25. ^ Herald-Leader. "WWII pilot to revisit site of Kentucky crash. Lee Mueller, EASTERN KENTUCKY BUREAU - VAN LEAR. JULY 08, 2005. http://africanamericangenealogy.blogspot.com/2005/07/wwii-pilot-to-revisit-site-of-kentucky.html
  26. ^ Herald-Leader. "WWII pilot to revisit site of Kentucky crash. Lee Mueller, EASTERN KENTUCKY BUREAU - VAN LEAR. JULY 08, 2005. http://africanamericangenealogy.blogspot.com/2005/07/wwii-pilot-to-revisit-site-of-kentucky.html
  27. ^ L. Mueller, "WWII Pilot to Revisit Site of Kentucky Crash - Over Van Lear, Tuskegee Pilot Bailed Out in '48," Lexington Herald-Leader, 07/06/05.
  28. ^ Community Walk. “Tuskegee Airmen.” [2] F
  29. ^ Notable Kentucky African Americans Database (NKAA). "Stewart, Harry T., Jr." http://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/894
  30. ^ Herald-Leader. "WWII pilot to revisit site of Kentucky crash. Lee Mueller, EASTERN KENTUCKY BUREAU - VAN LEAR. JULY 08, 2005. http://africanamericangenealogy.blogspot.com/2005/07/wwii-pilot-to-revisit-site-of-kentucky.html
  31. ^ Herald-Leader. "WWII pilot to revisit site of Kentucky crash. Lee Mueller, EASTERN KENTUCKY BUREAU - VAN LEAR. JULY 08, 2005. http://africanamericangenealogy.blogspot.com/2005/07/wwii-pilot-to-revisit-site-of-kentucky.html
  32. ^ a b c "Tuskegee's Top Gun." http://www.tuskegeetopgun.com/
  33. ^ History on the Net. "An Interview with 95-Year-Old Tuskegee Airman Lt. Col. Harry Stewart." https://www.historyonthenet.com/interview-94-year-old-tuskegee-airman-lt-col-harry-stewart
  34. ^ Caf Rise Above. "Harry T. Stewart Jr. https://cafriseabove.org/harry-t-stewart-jr/
  35. ^ Later killed in an F-86 Aircraft accident near Chelmsford, Massachusetts on March 25, 1953. Caf Rise Above. "Halbert Leo Alexander." https://cafriseabove.org/halbert-l-alexander/#:~:text=First%20Lieutenant%20Halbert%20Alexander%20was%20assigned%20to%20the,competition%20between%20the%20three%20highest%20scoring%20fighter%20groups.
  36. ^ Later killed on March 25, 1953 in an F-86 Aircraft accident, while flying over Chelmsford, Massachusetts.
  37. ^ Later became a Master Sergeant. Caf Rise Above. Buford Alvin Johnson. "https://cafriseabove.org/buford-alvin-johnson/
  38. ^ An Interview with 95-Year-Old Tuskegee Airman Lt. Col. Harry Stewart" History on the Net. © 2000-2021, Salem Media. June 25, 2021. https://www.historyonthenet.com/interview-94-year-old-tuskegee-airman-lt-col-harry-stewart.
  39. ^ a b c d The Detroit News. "Tuskegee Airman recounts tales of segregation and valor for Memorial Day." Shawn D. Lewis. May 27, 2019. https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/oakland-county/2019/05/27/tuskegee-airman/39511189/
  40. ^ WAMC - Northeast Public Radio. “WII Through The Eyes Of A Tuskegee Airman.” Jim Levulis. MAY 25, 2020. https://www.wamc.org/post/wwii-through-eyes-tuskegee-airman
  41. ^ Face2Face Africa. “After 74 years, this Tuskegee Airman shares incredible war stories of historic black pilots in WWII.” Mildred Europa Taylor. https://face2faceafrica.com/article/after-74-years-this-tuskegee-airman-shares-incredible-war-stories-of-historic-black-pilots-in-wwii
  42. ^ Face2Face Africa. “After 74 years, this Tuskegee Airman shares incredible war stories of historic black pilots in WWII. MILDRED EUROPA TAYLOR. https://face2faceafrica.com/article/after-74-years-this-tuskegee-airman-shares-incredible-war-stories-of-historic-black-pilots-in-wwii
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