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After high school, Ross attended [[West Virginia State University]], graduating in 1940.<ref> West Virginia State University. "CHAPTERS FROM OUR HISTORY
After high school, Ross attended [[West Virginia State University]], graduating in 1940.<ref> West Virginia State University. "CHAPTERS FROM OUR HISTORY
EXPLORING OUR PAST. West Virginia State University’s Aviation Program and Its Contribution to the Tuskegee Airmen." Charles T. Ledbetter, Ph.D., WVSU Professor of Education, Retired (Lt. Colonel, U.S. Army, Retired). https://wvstateu.edu/about/history-and-traditions/chapters-from-our-history.aspx# </ref> Prior to enlisting in the [[U.S. Army Air Corps]], Ross worked as an inspector at an iron works in [[Ohio]].<ref> Tuskegee Museum. "Civilian Pilot Training Program." https://www.tuskegeemuseum.org/civilian-pilot-training/ </ref>
EXPLORING OUR PAST. West Virginia State University’s Aviation Program and Its Contribution to the Tuskegee Airmen." Charles T. Ledbetter, Ph.D., WVSU Professor of Education, Retired (Lt. Colonel, U.S. Army, Retired). https://wvstateu.edu/about/history-and-traditions/chapters-from-our-history.aspx# </ref><ref> West Virginia Department of Education. "Tuskegee Airmen From W.Va. To Be Honored During Black History Month. January 31, 2007. https://wvde.state.wv.us/news/1347/ </ref> Prior to enlisting in the [[U.S. Army Air Corps]], Ross worked as an inspector at an iron works in [[Ohio]].<ref> Tuskegee Museum. "Civilian Pilot Training Program." https://www.tuskegeemuseum.org/civilian-pilot-training/ </ref>


In 1943, Ross married Abbie Voorhies (born August 20, 1915), a U.S. Army lieutenant and member of the Army Nurses Corps from [[Moreauville, Louisiana]] and [[Alexandria, Louisiana]].<ref> Caf Rise Above. "Celebrating Tuskegee Nurse Abbie Voorhies Ross DeVerges!" https://cafriseabove.org/celebrating-tuskegee-nurse-abbie-voorhies-ross-deverges/ </ref> They met after Abbie transferred to Tuskegee's base hospital.<ref> Caf Rise Above. "Celebrating Tuskegee Nurse Abbie Voorhies Ross DeVerges!" https://cafriseabove.org/celebrating-tuskegee-nurse-abbie-voorhies-ross-deverges/ </ref> A few months after their marriage, Ross deployed overseas.<ref> Caf Rise Above. "Celebrating Tuskegee Nurse Abbie Voorhies Ross DeVerges!" https://cafriseabove.org/celebrating-tuskegee-nurse-abbie-voorhies-ross-deverges/ </ref>
In 1943, Ross married Abbie Voorhies (born August 20, 1915), a U.S. Army lieutenant and member of the Army Nurses Corps from [[Moreauville, Louisiana]] and [[Alexandria, Louisiana]].<ref> Caf Rise Above. "Celebrating Tuskegee Nurse Abbie Voorhies Ross DeVerges!" https://cafriseabove.org/celebrating-tuskegee-nurse-abbie-voorhies-ross-deverges/ </ref> They met after Abbie transferred to Tuskegee's base hospital.<ref> Caf Rise Above. "Celebrating Tuskegee Nurse Abbie Voorhies Ross DeVerges!" https://cafriseabove.org/celebrating-tuskegee-nurse-abbie-voorhies-ross-deverges/ </ref> A few months after their marriage, Ross deployed overseas.<ref> Caf Rise Above. "Celebrating Tuskegee Nurse Abbie Voorhies Ross DeVerges!" https://cafriseabove.org/celebrating-tuskegee-nurse-abbie-voorhies-ross-deverges/ </ref>

Revision as of 22:58, 16 July 2021

Captain
Mac Ross
Born
Mac Ross

June 7, 1916
Selma, Alabama, Dallas County, Alabama, US
DiedJuly 10, 1944(1944-07-10) (aged 28)
Provincia di Foggia, Puglia, Italy
Resting placeSicily-Rome American Cemetery and Memorial, Plot J, Row 15, Grave 70
Alma materWest Virginia State University
Occupations
  • Military officer
  • fighter pilot
Years active1941–1944

Mac Ross (June 7, 1916 - July 10, 1944) was an U.S. Army Air Force officer, combat fighter pilot, 100th Fighter Squadron's Squadron Commander, 332nd Fighter Group's Group Operations Officer of the Tuskegee Airmen, "Red Tails," or “Schwartze Vogelmenschen” ("Black Birdmen") among enemy German pilots.[1][2] He was one of the 1007 documented Tuskegee Airmen Pilots.[3]

He was one of five African American officers who received their silver wings in the inaugural class of the Tuskegee Army Flying School.[4]

Early Life, Family, Education

Ross was born on June 7, 1916 in Selma, Alabama, Dallas County.[5][6][7] He was the son of father Eddie Samuel "Sam" Ross (1888–1964) and mother Willie B. Collins Ross (1888–1982), both of Selma, Alabama].[8][9] Sam and Willie married in 1911.[10] Ross had several siblings including Eddie Ross, Sammy "Sam" Ross (1914–1984), Jerry Ross (1915–1982), Arthur Ross (1925–2005), Suritha Ross Brooks, Geniva Ross Chinn (April 5, 1927 - December 26, 2011), Mattie M. Ross (1910–1943), and Willa Ross Morgan.[11][12][13]

As a young man, Ross' family moved to Dayton, Ohio where his sister Geniva was born.[14][15]

After high school, Ross attended West Virginia State University, graduating in 1940.[16][17] Prior to enlisting in the U.S. Army Air Corps, Ross worked as an inspector at an iron works in Ohio.[18]

In 1943, Ross married Abbie Voorhies (born August 20, 1915), a U.S. Army lieutenant and member of the Army Nurses Corps from Moreauville, Louisiana and Alexandria, Louisiana.[19] They met after Abbie transferred to Tuskegee's base hospital.[20] A few months after their marriage, Ross deployed overseas.[21]

Military Service, Tuskegee Airmen

Ross' alma mater, West Virginia State College (now West Virginia State University) graduated several civil aviation classes from its own civil pilots program.[22] School officials actively competed with Tuskegee and four other historically black colleges and universities to institute a commercial pilot’s program for African American civil pilot graduates. In the end, the federal government selected Tuskegee Institute as the official commercial pilot program for African Americans civil pilot graduates.[23] West Virginia State College and the other four historically black colleges and universities would serve as feeder schools.[24]

West Virginia State College officials nominated two alumni for the program: Ross (a 1940 West Virginia State College graduate) and George S. Roberts, a 1938 West Virginia State College graduate .[25] Though passed over for pilot training several times, Ross was admitted into the U.S. Army Air Corps Tuskegee Aviation Cadet training program's inaugural July 19, 41 single-engine 42-C-SE Class at Tuskegee Army Air Field.[26] The inaugural class included[27][28]

  • Student officer Captain Benjamin O. Davis, Jr., Commandant of Cadets, and future Tuskegee Airmen Commander and future U.S. four-star general;
  • John C. Anderson, Jr.;
  • Charles D. Brown
  • Theodore E. Brown
  • Marion A. Carter
  • Charles H. DeBow, Jr. (Feb 13, 1918 – April 4, 1968)[29]; and
  • Lemuel R. Custis
  • Frederick H. Moore
  • Ulysses S. Pannell
  • George S. Roberts ("Spanky" Roberts) (September 24, 1918 - March 8, 1984);
  • William H. Slade[30]
  • Roderick C. Williams.

During cadet training, Ross bailed out of his P-40 training aircraft, making him the first ever African American member of the Caterpillar Club, an informal association of people who have successfully used a parachute to bail out of a disabled aircraft.[31] Nonetheless, on March 6, 1942, only five cadets graduated from the program, receiving their silver wings: 2nd Lt. Ross, Captain Benjamin O. Davis Jr., 2nd Lt. Charles DeBow Jr., 2nd Lt. Lemuel R. Custis, and 2nd Lt. George S. Roberts ("Spanky" Roberts). Class 42-C-SE created America's first African-American U.S. Army Air Corps pilots.[32]

On May 26, 1942, Ross became the Squadron Commander of the 332nd Fighter Group's 100th fighter squadron, with Lt George Knox and SE-42-A classmate Charles DeBow serving as his adjutants.[33]

In July 1942, Ross became the 332nd Fighter Group's Group Operations Officer.[34] On March 27, 1943, his squadron transferred to Selfridge Field in Mt Clements, Michigan.[35] During World War II, Ross flew over 50 combat missions in the European Theater.[36]

Unit Assignments

  • 1941–1942, AAF MOS 770, Aviation Cadet Flight School, Tuskegee AAF[37]
  • 1942–1944, AAF MOS 1055, 99th Fighter Squadron, AL, French Morocco, Tunisia, Italy[38]
  • 1943–1943, AAF MOS 1055, 33rd Fighter Group, Qued N'ja, French Morocco; Fardjouna, Tunisia[39]
  • 1943–1943, AAF MOS 1055, 324th Fighter Group, Fardjouna Airfield[40]
  • 1943–1943, AAF MOS 1055, 33rd Fighter Group, Licata, Termini, & Barcellona Airfields, Sicily[41]
  • 1943–1944, AAF MOS 1055, 79th Fighter Group, Salsola, Madna, & Capodichino Airfields[42]
  • 1944–1944, AAF MOS 1055, 324th Fighter Group, Cercola & Pignataro Airfields[43]
  • 1944–1944, AAF MOS 1055, 332nd Fighter Group, Ciampino, Orbetello, & Ramitelli Airfields[44]

Major Campaigns

  • 1941–1944, World War II[45]
  • 1943–1943, Operation Strangle[46]
  • 1943–1943, Sicily Campaign (1943)[47]
  • 1943–1944, Naples-Foggia Campaign (1943-44)[48]
  • 1944–1944, Anzio Campaign (1944)[49]
  • 1944–1944, Rome-Arno Campaign (1944)[50]
  • 1944–1944, Normandy Campaign (1944)[51]

Awards

Death, Wife's Remarriage

On July 10, 1944, Ross was killed near Provincia di Foggia, Puglia, Italy while on a local transition flight during his squadron’s conversion from P-40 to P-51 aircraft.[55] Ross's newly-acquired P-51 Mustang suffered mechanical failure, nosediving into the ground.[56][57] Ross was interred at the Sicily-Rome American Cemetery and Memorial, Plot J, Row 15, Grave 70, near Nettuno, Città Metropolitana di Roma Capitale, Lazio, Italy.[58]

Back in American, Ross's wife, Abbie Voorhies Ross, received a home visit from men in uniforms who informed her that her husband had been killed.[59] After World War II, Abbie transferred to Columbus, Ohio's Lockbourne Air Force Base. After leaving the U.S. Army June 30, 1947 with the rank of Captain, Abbie eventually settled in Los Angeles in 1950, marrying Melvin DeVerges. They raised two sons: Ronald DeVerges and Donald DeVerges. As of 2019, Abbie Voorhies Ross DeVerges, a centenarian, lives in Northridge, California.[60][61]

Legacy

  • On June 27, 1989, the U.S. Postal Service dedicated its Dayton, Ohio's Mac Ross Memorial Philatelic Room in honor of Ross. A plaque honoring Ross is displayed at the Dayton Post Office on East 5th Street.[62]
  • In 2000, the city of Selma, Alabama honored Ross Ross with a resolution honoring his service and sacrifice.[63]

The University of California Riverside maintains the papers of Ross's wife Abbie. The collection comprises photographs of Ross, Abbie and other Tuskegee Airmen and nurses, Abbie's military separation records, correspondence, news clippings, and items from a dedication of a philatelic room to Ross.[64]

See also

References

  1. ^ Caf Rise Above. "Mac Ross." https://cafriseabove.org/mac-ross/
  2. ^ Find a Grave. "CPT. Mac Ross. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/56313885/mac-ross
  3. ^ "Tuskegee Airmen Pilot Roster". CAF Rise Above. CAF Rise Above. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
  4. ^ Caf Rise Above. "Mac Ross." https://cafriseabove.org/mac-ross/
  5. ^ Caf Rise Above. "Mac Ross." https://cafriseabove.org/mac-ross/
  6. ^ U.S. Air Force - Together We Served. "Roll of Honor-U.S. Air Force - Deceased -Ross, Mac, Capt-USAAF Veteran."https://airforce.togetherweserved.com/usaf/servlet/tws.webapp.WebApp?cmd=ShadowBoxProfile&type=Person&ID=171792
  7. ^ Find a Grave. "CPT. Mac Ross. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/56313885/mac-ross
  8. ^ Find a Grave. "Sam Ross." https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/166093523/sam-ross
  9. ^ Find a Grave. "Willie B. Collins Ross." https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/166093494/willie-b.-ross
  10. ^ Find a Grave. "Willie B. Collins Ross." https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/166093494/willie-b.-ross
  11. ^ Legacy. "Eddie Ross." https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/dayton/name/eddie-ross-obituary?pid=186121472
  12. ^ Find a Grave. "Geniva Ross Chinn ." https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/102335810/geneva-chinn
  13. ^ Find a Grave. "Willie B. Collins Ross." https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/166093494/willie-b.-ross
  14. ^ U.S. Air Force - Together We Served. "Roll of Honor-U.S. Air Force - Deceased -Ross, Mac, Capt-USAAF Veteran."https://airforce.togetherweserved.com/usaf/servlet/tws.webapp.WebApp?cmd=ShadowBoxProfile&type=Person&ID=171792
  15. ^ Find a Grave. "Geniva Ross Chinn ." https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/102335810/geneva-chinn
  16. ^ West Virginia State University. "CHAPTERS FROM OUR HISTORY EXPLORING OUR PAST. West Virginia State University’s Aviation Program and Its Contribution to the Tuskegee Airmen." Charles T. Ledbetter, Ph.D., WVSU Professor of Education, Retired (Lt. Colonel, U.S. Army, Retired). https://wvstateu.edu/about/history-and-traditions/chapters-from-our-history.aspx#
  17. ^ West Virginia Department of Education. "Tuskegee Airmen From W.Va. To Be Honored During Black History Month. January 31, 2007. https://wvde.state.wv.us/news/1347/
  18. ^ Tuskegee Museum. "Civilian Pilot Training Program." https://www.tuskegeemuseum.org/civilian-pilot-training/
  19. ^ Caf Rise Above. "Celebrating Tuskegee Nurse Abbie Voorhies Ross DeVerges!" https://cafriseabove.org/celebrating-tuskegee-nurse-abbie-voorhies-ross-deverges/
  20. ^ Caf Rise Above. "Celebrating Tuskegee Nurse Abbie Voorhies Ross DeVerges!" https://cafriseabove.org/celebrating-tuskegee-nurse-abbie-voorhies-ross-deverges/
  21. ^ Caf Rise Above. "Celebrating Tuskegee Nurse Abbie Voorhies Ross DeVerges!" https://cafriseabove.org/celebrating-tuskegee-nurse-abbie-voorhies-ross-deverges/
  22. ^ West Virginia State University. "CHAPTERS FROM OUR HISTORY EXPLORING OUR PAST. West Virginia State University’s Aviation Program and Its Contribution to the Tuskegee Airmen." Charles T. Ledbetter, Ph.D., WVSU Professor of Education, Retired (Lt. Colonel, U.S. Army, Retired). https://wvstateu.edu/about/history-and-traditions/chapters-from-our-history.aspx#
  23. ^ West Virginia State University. "CHAPTERS FROM OUR HISTORY EXPLORING OUR PAST. West Virginia State University’s Aviation Program and Its Contribution to the Tuskegee Airmen." Charles T. Ledbetter, Ph.D., WVSU Professor of Education, Retired (Lt. Colonel, U.S. Army, Retired). https://wvstateu.edu/about/history-and-traditions/chapters-from-our-history.aspx#
  24. ^ West Virginia State University. "CHAPTERS FROM OUR HISTORY EXPLORING OUR PAST. West Virginia State University’s Aviation Program and Its Contribution to the Tuskegee Airmen." Charles T. Ledbetter, Ph.D., WVSU Professor of Education, Retired (Lt. Colonel, U.S. Army, Retired). https://wvstateu.edu/about/history-and-traditions/chapters-from-our-history.aspx#
  25. ^ West Virginia State University. "CHAPTERS FROM OUR HISTORY EXPLORING OUR PAST. West Virginia State University’s Aviation Program and Its Contribution to the Tuskegee Airmen." Charles T. Ledbetter, Ph.D., WVSU Professor of Education, Retired (Lt. Colonel, U.S. Army, Retired). https://wvstateu.edu/about/history-and-traditions/chapters-from-our-history.aspx#
  26. ^ Caf Rise Above. "Mac Ross." https://cafriseabove.org/mac-ross/
  27. ^ "Air Force Historical Support Division > Home" (PDF). Retrieved 7 February 2017
  28. ^ "TUSKEGEE AIRMEN CHRONOLOGY." DANIEL L. HAULMAN. ORGANIZATIONAL HISTORY BRANCH. AIR FORCE HISTORICAL RESEARCH AGENCY. MAXWELL AFB, AL 36112-6424. 14 November 2011. https://www.tuskegee.edu/Content/Uploads/Tuskegee/files/TUSKEGEE_AIRMEN_CHRONOLOGY12.2011.pdf
  29. ^ Caf Rise Above. "Charles Henry DeBow Jr."
  30. ^ Provided an oral history of his experience with the Tuskegee Airmen: The William H. (Bill) Slade Story... 1st class (42-c) flight trainee Tuskegee Institute, 1941. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=911nbfmjH74
  31. ^ Caf Rise Above. "Mac Ross." https://cafriseabove.org/mac-ross/
  32. ^ Caf Rise Above. "Mac Ross." https://cafriseabove.org/mac-ross/
  33. ^ Caf Rise Above. "Mac Ross." https://cafriseabove.org/mac-ross/
  34. ^ Caf Rise Above. "Mac Ross." https://cafriseabove.org/mac-ross/
  35. ^ Caf Rise Above. "Mac Ross." https://cafriseabove.org/mac-ross/
  36. ^ Caf Rise Above. "Mac Ross." https://cafriseabove.org/mac-ross/
  37. ^ U.S. Air Force - Together We Served. "Roll of Honor-U.S. Air Force - Deceased -Ross, Mac, Capt-USAAF Veteran."https://airforce.togetherweserved.com/usaf/servlet/tws.webapp.WebApp?cmd=ShadowBoxProfile&type=Person&ID=171792
  38. ^ U.S. Air Force - Together We Served. "Roll of Honor-U.S. Air Force - Deceased -Ross, Mac, Capt-USAAF Veteran."https://airforce.togetherweserved.com/usaf/servlet/tws.webapp.WebApp?cmd=ShadowBoxProfile&type=Person&ID=171792
  39. ^ U.S. Air Force - Together We Served. "Roll of Honor-U.S. Air Force - Deceased -Ross, Mac, Capt-USAAF Veteran."https://airforce.togetherweserved.com/usaf/servlet/tws.webapp.WebApp?cmd=ShadowBoxProfile&type=Person&ID=171792
  40. ^ U.S. Air Force - Together We Served. "Roll of Honor-U.S. Air Force - Deceased -Ross, Mac, Capt-USAAF Veteran."https://airforce.togetherweserved.com/usaf/servlet/tws.webapp.WebApp?cmd=ShadowBoxProfile&type=Person&ID=171792
  41. ^ U.S. Air Force - Together We Served. "Roll of Honor-U.S. Air Force - Deceased -Ross, Mac, Capt-USAAF Veteran."https://airforce.togetherweserved.com/usaf/servlet/tws.webapp.WebApp?cmd=ShadowBoxProfile&type=Person&ID=171792
  42. ^ U.S. Air Force - Together We Served. "Roll of Honor-U.S. Air Force - Deceased -Ross, Mac, Capt-USAAF Veteran."https://airforce.togetherweserved.com/usaf/servlet/tws.webapp.WebApp?cmd=ShadowBoxProfile&type=Person&ID=171792
  43. ^ U.S. Air Force - Together We Served. "Roll of Honor-U.S. Air Force - Deceased -Ross, Mac, Capt-USAAF Veteran."https://airforce.togetherweserved.com/usaf/servlet/tws.webapp.WebApp?cmd=ShadowBoxProfile&type=Person&ID=171792
  44. ^ U.S. Air Force - Together We Served. "Roll of Honor-U.S. Air Force - Deceased -Ross, Mac, Capt-USAAF Veteran."https://airforce.togetherweserved.com/usaf/servlet/tws.webapp.WebApp?cmd=ShadowBoxProfile&type=Person&ID=171792
  45. ^ U.S. Air Force - Together We Served. "Roll of Honor-U.S. Air Force - Deceased -Ross, Mac, Capt-USAAF Veteran."https://airforce.togetherweserved.com/usaf/servlet/tws.webapp.WebApp?cmd=ShadowBoxProfile&type=Person&ID=171792
  46. ^ U.S. Air Force - Together We Served. "Roll of Honor-U.S. Air Force - Deceased -Ross, Mac, Capt-USAAF Veteran."https://airforce.togetherweserved.com/usaf/servlet/tws.webapp.WebApp?cmd=ShadowBoxProfile&type=Person&ID=171792
  47. ^ U.S. Air Force - Together We Served. "Roll of Honor-U.S. Air Force - Deceased -Ross, Mac, Capt-USAAF Veteran."https://airforce.togetherweserved.com/usaf/servlet/tws.webapp.WebApp?cmd=ShadowBoxProfile&type=Person&ID=171792
  48. ^ U.S. Air Force - Together We Served. "Roll of Honor-U.S. Air Force - Deceased -Ross, Mac, Capt-USAAF Veteran."https://airforce.togetherweserved.com/usaf/servlet/tws.webapp.WebApp?cmd=ShadowBoxProfile&type=Person&ID=171792
  49. ^ U.S. Air Force - Together We Served. "Roll of Honor-U.S. Air Force - Deceased -Ross, Mac, Capt-USAAF Veteran."https://airforce.togetherweserved.com/usaf/servlet/tws.webapp.WebApp?cmd=ShadowBoxProfile&type=Person&ID=171792
  50. ^ U.S. Air Force - Together We Served. "Roll of Honor-U.S. Air Force - Deceased -Ross, Mac, Capt-USAAF Veteran."https://airforce.togetherweserved.com/usaf/servlet/tws.webapp.WebApp?cmd=ShadowBoxProfile&type=Person&ID=171792
  51. ^ U.S. Air Force - Together We Served. "Roll of Honor-U.S. Air Force - Deceased -Ross, Mac, Capt-USAAF Veteran."https://airforce.togetherweserved.com/usaf/servlet/tws.webapp.WebApp?cmd=ShadowBoxProfile&type=Person&ID=171792
  52. ^ U.S. Air Force - Together We Served. "Roll of Honor-U.S. Air Force - Deceased -Ross, Mac, Capt-USAAF Veteran."https://airforce.togetherweserved.com/usaf/servlet/tws.webapp.WebApp?cmd=ShadowBoxProfile&type=Person&ID=171792
  53. ^ U.S. Air Force - Together We Served. "Roll of Honor-U.S. Air Force - Deceased -Ross, Mac, Capt-USAAF Veteran."https://airforce.togetherweserved.com/usaf/servlet/tws.webapp.WebApp?cmd=ShadowBoxProfile&type=Person&ID=171792
  54. ^ U.S. Air Force - Together We Served. "Roll of Honor-U.S. Air Force - Deceased -Ross, Mac, Capt-USAAF Veteran."https://airforce.togetherweserved.com/usaf/servlet/tws.webapp.WebApp?cmd=ShadowBoxProfile&type=Person&ID=171792
  55. ^ Tuskegee Army Nurses. "Abbie Voorhies." http://www.tuskegeearmynurses.info/2019/06/25/abbie-voorhies/
  56. ^ Honor States. "Mac Ross." https://www.honorstates.org/index.php?id=323463
  57. ^ Find a Grave. "CPT. Mac Ross. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/56313885/mac-ross
  58. ^ Caf Rise Above. "Mac Ross." https://cafriseabove.org/mac-ross/
  59. ^ Caf Rise Above. "Celebrating Tuskegee Nurse Abbie Voorhies Ross DeVerges!" https://cafriseabove.org/celebrating-tuskegee-nurse-abbie-voorhies-ross-deverges/
  60. ^ Caf Rise Above. "Celebrating Tuskegee Nurse Abbie Voorhies Ross DeVerges!" https://cafriseabove.org/celebrating-tuskegee-nurse-abbie-voorhies-ross-deverges/
  61. ^ Avoyelles Today. "104-YEAR-OLD MOREAUVILLE NATIVE ABBIE DEVERGES IS OLDEST MEMBER OF FAMED WWII TUSKEGEE AIRMEN. MILLIE TANNER-LATHAM. August 24, 2019. https://www.avoyellestoday.com/news/104-year-old-moreauville-native-abbie-deverges-oldest-member-famed-wwii-tuskegee-airmen
  62. ^ Dayton Daily News. "Area’s black WWII pilots part of Tuskegee Airmen legacy." Kelli Wynn. April 28, 2012. https://www.daytondailynews.com/lifestyles/area-black-wwii-pilots-part-tuskegee-airmen-legacy/1PXzAGdwWw1V2yRI0getoN/
  63. ^ Caf Rise Above. "Mac Ross." https://cafriseabove.org/mac-ross/
  64. ^ Online Archive of California. "Abbie Voorhies DeVerges papers." https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c86h4ph2/entire_text/
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