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==Involvement in the Freeman Field Mutiny==
==Involvement in the Freeman Field Mutiny==


On April 5, 1945, Hotesse was among several black officers within the [[477th Bombardment Group]] arrested in the [[Freeman Field Mutiny]]. Colonel [[Robert Selway]], a white United States Army Air Forces officer and first commanding officer of the [[Tuskegee Airmen]]'s 477th Medium Bombardment Group, designated the Officer's Club for "supervisory and instructor personnel" and another more substandard facility for "trainees." Intentionally, Selway classified all members of the all-black 447th Bombardment Group as trainees, effectively segregating the officer clubs by race. Surprisingly, his illegal, racial discriminatory maneuver violated U.S. Army regulations at the time. For the next two days, black officers in groups ranging from twelve to twenty entered the whites-only club peacefully. 36 black officers entered the Officer's Club first day and were arrested when they refused to leave, while 35 officers were arrested the following night.<ref> Moye, Todd (2010). Freedom Flyers: The Tuskegee Airmen of World War II. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-538655-4. Page 133. </ref><Black Past. "ESTEBAN HOTESSE (1919-1945). Author: JOSEPH MOUSER. JUNE 12, 2017. https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/hotesse-esteban-1919-1945/ </ref>
On April 5, 1945, Hotesse was among several black officers within the [[477th Bombardment Group]] arrested in the [[Freeman Field Mutiny]]. Colonel [[Robert Selway]], a white United States Army Air Forces officer and first commanding officer of the [[Tuskegee Airmen]]'s 477th Medium Bombardment Group, designated the Officer's Club for "supervisory and instructor personnel" and another more substandard facility for "trainees." Intentionally, Selway classified all members of the all-black 447th Bombardment Group as trainees, effectively segregating the officer clubs by race. Surprisingly, his illegal, racial discriminatory maneuver violated U.S. Army Regulation 210-10, Paragraph 19, which prohibited any public building on a military installation from being used "for the accommodation of any self-constituted special or exclusive group," thereby requiring officers' clubs be open to all officers regardless of race. <ref> https://military.wikia.org/wiki/Freeman_Field_Mutiny </ref> For the next two days, black officers in groups ranging from twelve to twenty entered the whites-only club peacefully. 36 black officers entered the Officer's Club first day and were arrested when they refused to leave, while 35 officers were arrested the following night.<ref> Moye, Todd (2010). Freedom Flyers: The Tuskegee Airmen of World War II. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-538655-4. Page 133. </ref><Black Past. "ESTEBAN HOTESSE (1919-1945). Author: JOSEPH MOUSER. JUNE 12, 2017. https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/hotesse-esteban-1919-1945/ </ref>


Shortly after, Colonel Selway implemented Base Regulation 85-2, assigning specific housing, mess, and recreational facilities to officers. Selway proceeded to order each officer to sign a form confirming that they had read and understood the regulation. 101 of the 422 officers refused to sign, and were arrested for insubordination.<ref> Moye, Todd (2010). Freedom Flyers: The Tuskegee Airmen of World War II. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-538655-4. Page 133-135. </ref>
Shortly after, Colonel Selway implemented Base Regulation 85-2, assigning specific housing, mess, and recreational facilities to officers. Selway proceeded to order each officer to sign a form confirming that they had read and understood the regulation. 101 of the 422 officers refused to sign, and were arrested for insubordination.<ref> Moye, Todd (2010). Freedom Flyers: The Tuskegee Airmen of World War II. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-538655-4. Page 133-135. </ref>


On April 23, General George Marshall ordered the 101 released, including Hotesse, while General Henry H. Arnold transferred command of the 477th Bombardment Group to Colonel Benjamin O. Davis Jr.<ref> Moye, Todd (2010). Freedom Flyers: The Tuskegee Airmen of World War II. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-538655-4. Page 140. </ref><ref> Remezcla. "The Unknown Story of Esteban Hotesse, a Dominican-Born Member of the Tuskeegee Airmen." YARA SIMÓN. 11.17.15. https://remezcla.com/features/culture/the-unknown-story-of-esteban-hotesse-a-dominican-born-member-of-the-tuskeegee-airmen/ </ref>
On April 23, General George Marshall ordered the 101 released, including Hotesse, while General Henry H. Arnold transferred command of the 477th Bombardment Group to Colonel Benjamin O. Davis Jr.<ref> Moye, Todd (2010). Freedom Flyers: The Tuskegee Airmen of World War II. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-538655-4. Page 140. </ref><ref> Remezcla. "The Unknown Story of Esteban Hotesse, a Dominican-Born Member of the Tuskeegee Airmen." YARA SIMÓN. 11.17.15. https://remezcla.com/features/culture/the-unknown-story-of-esteban-hotesse-a-dominican-born-member-of-the-tuskeegee-airmen/ </ref>

Civil Rights historians regard the [[Freeman Field Mutiny]] are a seminal event towards Truman's eventual full integration of the U.S. armed forces.


==Death==
==Death==

Revision as of 12:10, 27 June 2021

Esteban Hotesse (also known as Stephen Hotesse [1]
Born(1919-02-11)February 11, 1919
Moca, Dominican Republic
DiedJuly 8, 1945(1945-07-08) (aged 26)
Madison County, Kentucky
Allegiance United States
Service/branch United States Army
Years of service1942-1945
RankSecond Lieutenant
Unit619th Bombardment Squadron
477th Medium Bombardment Group

Esteban Hotesse (February 11, 1919 – July 8, 1945) (also known as "Stephen Hotesse")[2] was an black American United States Army Air Force second lieutenant and member of the World War II Tuskegee Airmen. He was the only Dominican-born member of the famed Tuskegee Airmen. He died in a B-25 Mitchell crash in July 1945.[3][4]

Early Life, Family

Hotesse was born on February 11, 1919 in Moca, Espaillat, Dominican Republic.[5] he was the son of Clara Pacheco, a Dominican woman.[6] On November 1, 1923, Hotesse immigrated to the United States via the Pork of New York at the age of four. [7]

Hotesse was married to Mrs. Iristella {Lind} Hotesse, a Puerto Rican woman. He was the father of two daughters, Mary Lou Hotesse and Rosalie Hotesse.[8] Before applying to the Tuskegee Flight School Program, Hotesse and his family were living in Manhattan, New York. After serving as a U.S. Army officer, he and his family applied for U.S. citizenship in April 1943. [9]

Military Career with the Tuskegee Airmen

Hotesse was admitted to the Tuskegee Flight School Program on February, 21, 1942, receiving his 2nd lieutenant commission and flight wings on XXXXXXX. [10][11]

Hotesse did not see combat during [[World War II}], remaining stateside his short three year career. His only two assignments were the 477th Bombardment Group, Medium, Fort Knox, Kentucky to Freeman Field (1942-1943), and the 619th Bombardment Squadron (Medium), Godman Field (1943-1945)[12][13]

Involvement in the Freeman Field Mutiny

On April 5, 1945, Hotesse was among several black officers within the 477th Bombardment Group arrested in the Freeman Field Mutiny. Colonel Robert Selway, a white United States Army Air Forces officer and first commanding officer of the Tuskegee Airmen's 477th Medium Bombardment Group, designated the Officer's Club for "supervisory and instructor personnel" and another more substandard facility for "trainees." Intentionally, Selway classified all members of the all-black 447th Bombardment Group as trainees, effectively segregating the officer clubs by race. Surprisingly, his illegal, racial discriminatory maneuver violated U.S. Army Regulation 210-10, Paragraph 19, which prohibited any public building on a military installation from being used "for the accommodation of any self-constituted special or exclusive group," thereby requiring officers' clubs be open to all officers regardless of race. [14] For the next two days, black officers in groups ranging from twelve to twenty entered the whites-only club peacefully. 36 black officers entered the Officer's Club first day and were arrested when they refused to leave, while 35 officers were arrested the following night.[15]<Black Past. "ESTEBAN HOTESSE (1919-1945). Author: JOSEPH MOUSER. JUNE 12, 2017. https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/hotesse-esteban-1919-1945/ </ref>

Shortly after, Colonel Selway implemented Base Regulation 85-2, assigning specific housing, mess, and recreational facilities to officers. Selway proceeded to order each officer to sign a form confirming that they had read and understood the regulation. 101 of the 422 officers refused to sign, and were arrested for insubordination.[16]

On April 23, General George Marshall ordered the 101 released, including Hotesse, while General Henry H. Arnold transferred command of the 477th Bombardment Group to Colonel Benjamin O. Davis Jr.[17][18]

Civil Rights historians regard the Freeman Field Mutiny are a seminal event towards Truman's eventual full integration of the U.S. armed forces.

Death

Hotesse was serving as a Pilot with the 619th Squadron, 447th Bombardment Group.[3]On July 8, 1945, Hotesse died in a B-25 Mitchell (B-25J Mitchell #44-30746) military exercise crash at the Ohio River between Indiana and Kentucky, three miles northeast of Vevay, Indiana and Madison County, Kentucky. Pilot/1st Lt. Samuel A Black, Jr, Pilot Flight Officer Glenn W Pulliam, and Co-pilot Glenn Fullian were also killed. Engineer Isiah Grice suffered no injuries. Gunner Napoleon G suffered major injuries. The U.S. War Department ascribed the accident in the following accident report:

On July 8, 1945, the twin engine B-25 (B= bomber) aircraft departed Godman Field, Kentucky for a military exercise over Hayes Bombing Range and then a training flight. The aircraft was to drop its bombs and then continue on a low altitude cross country where the co-pilot would take the controls. At Madison, Indiana the copilot began his decent from 1,000 feet to his assigned altitude of 100 feet above terrain. The copilot dropped below his assigned altitude, with water splashing onto the aircraft, both pilots attempted to pull on the yoke to gain altitude, with no success. The aircraft crashed into the Ohio River in Indiana killing the pilot, copilot and Hotesse. It was reported the upon impact the cockpit and tail broke away from the aircraft.[19][20]

Legacy

On August 23, the CUNY Dominican Studies Institute and U.S. Rep. Adriano Espaillat (NY-13) hosted a ceremony to award the Congressional Gold Medal to Esteban Hotesse posthumously during an exhibit honoring Dominicans' World War II military contributions.[21][22][23]

References

  1. ^ Find a Grave. "Stephen Hotesse." https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/148872805/stephen-hotesse
  2. ^ Find a Grave. "Stephen Hotesse." https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/148872805/stephen-hotesse
  3. ^ a b Lantigua-Williams, Juleyka (5 November 2015). "An Unknown Latino Tuskegee Airman Has Been Discovered". The Atlantic. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  4. ^ Simón, Yara. "The Unknown Story of Esteban Hotesse, a Dominican-Born Member of the Tuskeegee Airmen". Remezcla. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  5. ^ Find a Grave. "1LT Estaban Hotesse." https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/155308247/estaban-hotesse
  6. ^ The Atlantic. "An Unknown Latino Tuskegee Airman Has Been Discovered." https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/11/unknown-latino-tuskegee-airman-discovered/433479/
  7. ^ Find a Grave. "1LT Estaban Hotesse." https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/155308247/estaban-hotesse
  8. ^ Find a Grave. "1LT Estaban Hotesse." https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/155308247/estaban-hotesse
  9. ^ The Atlantic. "An Unknown Latino Tuskegee Airman Has Been Discovered." https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/11/unknown-latino-tuskegee-airman-discovered/433479/
  10. ^ xxxx
  11. ^ Find a Grave. "1LT Estaban Hotesse." https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/155308247/estaban-hotesse
  12. ^ The Atlantic. "An Unknown Latino Tuskegee Airman Has Been Discovered." https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/11/unknown-latino-tuskegee-airman-discovered/433479/
  13. ^ Together We Served. "Roll of Honor, U.S. Air Force, Deceased Hotesse, Esteban, 2nd Lt, USAAF Veteran." https://airforce.togetherweserved.com/usaf/servlet/tws.webapp.WebApp?cmd=ShadowBoxProfile&type=Person&ID=211770
  14. ^ https://military.wikia.org/wiki/Freeman_Field_Mutiny
  15. ^ Moye, Todd (2010). Freedom Flyers: The Tuskegee Airmen of World War II. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-538655-4. Page 133.
  16. ^ Moye, Todd (2010). Freedom Flyers: The Tuskegee Airmen of World War II. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-538655-4. Page 133-135.
  17. ^ Moye, Todd (2010). Freedom Flyers: The Tuskegee Airmen of World War II. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-538655-4. Page 140.
  18. ^ Remezcla. "The Unknown Story of Esteban Hotesse, a Dominican-Born Member of the Tuskeegee Airmen." YARA SIMÓN. 11.17.15. https://remezcla.com/features/culture/the-unknown-story-of-esteban-hotesse-a-dominican-born-member-of-the-tuskeegee-airmen/
  19. ^ Together We Served. "Roll of Honor, U.S. Air Force, Deceased Hotesse, Esteban, 2nd Lt, USAAF Veteran." https://airforce.togetherweserved.com/usaf/servlet/tws.webapp.WebApp?cmd=ShadowBoxProfile&type=Person&ID=211770
  20. ^ Army Air Forces of Major Accidents. http://avstop.com/february_2016/accident_report.pdf
  21. ^ Find a Grave. "1LT Estaban Hotesse." https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/155308247/estaban-hotesse
  22. ^ The Atlantic. "An Unknown Latino Tuskegee Airman Has Been Discovered." https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/11/unknown-latino-tuskegee-airman-discovered/433479/
  23. ^ City University of New York. "CCNY-based CUNY DSI, Adriano Espaillat, celebrate Tuskegee Airman Esteban Hotesse". August 06, 2018. https://www.ccny.cuny.edu/news/ccny-based-cuny-dsi-adriano-espaillat-celebrate-tuskegee-airman-esteban-hotesse
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